{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:24:32Z","timestamp":1770747872241,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditionally, hydrocephalus is divided into communicating or non\u2010communicating (obstructive) based on the identification of a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>) flow through the ventricular system. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo refers to ventricular enlargement as a consequence of neuroparenchymal loss. Hydrocephalus related to obstruction of the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricles has rarely been described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinicopathologic findings in two dogs with hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle are reported. Signs were associated with a caudal cervical spinal cord lesion in one dog and a caudal brain stem lesion in the other dog. Magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>) disclosed dilation of the ventricular system, including the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle. In one dog, postmortem ventriculography confirmed obstruction of the lateral apertures. Microscopic changes were identified in the choroid plexus in both dogs, yet a definitive cause of the obstructions was not identified. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> findings in both dogs are similar to membranous occlusion of the lateral and median apertures in human patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> detection of dilation of the entire ventricular system in the absence of an identifiable cause should prompt consideration of an obstruction of the lateral apertures. In future cases, therapeutic interventions aimed at re\u2010establishing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> flow or ventriculoperitoneal catheterisation should be considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T04:35:23Z","timestamp":1477542923000},"page":"415-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the lateral apertures in two dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Kent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"EN","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Bank Veterinary Hospital  Tinton Falls New Jersey 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