{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T21:39:46Z","timestamp":1783633186984,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jurox Pty Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"Objective<\/jats:title>To assess the chemical and physical stability of morphine and methadone stored in syringes for 12 months and of methadone when mixed with acepromazine, medetomidine or xylazine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>A high\u2010performance liquid chromatography (HPLC<\/jats:styled-content>) technique was developed and validated for the analysis of morphine and methadone. Morphine and methadone were dispensed into syringes and stored at 25\u00b0C\/60% relative humidity (RH<\/jats:styled-content>) and 40\u00b0C\/75% RH<\/jats:styled-content>. Solutions containing mixtures of methadone combined with acepromazine, medetomidine or xylazine were stored in syringes at 25\u00b0C\/60%RH<\/jats:styled-content>. At initiation, after 1 week and then 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, samples were analysed by HPLC<\/jats:styled-content> for the quantification of the morphine or methadone. Measured concentrations were assessed as a function of storage time and temperature using linear regression statistics to calculate stability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>When stored at 40\u00b0C\/75%RH<\/jats:styled-content> as pre\u2010dispensed syringes, severe physical and chemical changes were observed after the third month for both morphine and methadone. In contrast, at 25\u00b0C\/60%RH<\/jats:styled-content> both drugs remained chemically stable for 12 months, with concentration variations not exceeding a 5% change from initiation as stipulated in VICH<\/jats:styled-content> stability guidelines. When in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, methadone also remained chemically stable, but the combination with medetomidine failed stability criteria prior to 6 months. Precipitation compromised the physical stability of methadone in all unsealed syringes prior to 9 months\u2019 storage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Pre\u2010dispensing morphine or methadone into unsealed syringes compromises the drugs\u2019 physical stability. Mixing of methadone with other drugs can degrade its chemical stability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T10:15:14Z","timestamp":1501150514000},"page":"289-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chemical stability of morphine and methadone, and of methadone in combination with acepromazine, medetomidine or xylazine, during prolonged storage in syringes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"DY","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials (TRACTs) Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of Melbourne Princes Highway, Werribee 3030 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jurox Pty Ltd Rutherford New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Whittem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials (TRACTs) Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of Melbourne Princes Highway, Werribee 3030 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10780.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Veterinary anaesthesia","author":"Hall LW","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Stability testing of new veterinary drug substances and medicinal products (Revision)","author":"VICH","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Lumb and Jones\u2019 veterinary anesthesia and analgesia","author":"Tranquilli WJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Stability\u2010indicating HPLC assay and stability study over two years of morphine hydrochloride diluted solutions in polypropylene syringes","volume":"4","author":"d'Hayer B","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm Anal Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Stability of morphine sulfate in polypropylene infusion bags for use in patient\u2010controlled analgesia pumps for postoperative pain management","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen\u2010Xuan T","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Compd"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600770816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(96)04813-2"}],"container-title":["Australian Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Favj.12608","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/avj.12608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:54:12Z","timestamp":1696222452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/avj.12608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/avj.12608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12608","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-0423","1751-0813"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-0423","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-0813","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-04-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-09-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}