{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:02:59Z","timestamp":1783101779667,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the baseline pH and temperature of the preputial cavity of bulls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 55 bulls ranging in age from 15 to 84\u2009months. The preputial temperature and pH were measured by insertion of temperature and pH probes, respectively, into the preputial orifice prior to routine breeding soundness examinations. Information was obtained from owners regarding the diet of each bull and categorised as one of three categories: forage only, grain supplemented or silage supplemented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average temperature of the prepuce was 37.81\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20091.76 and the median pH of the prepuce was 8.45 (6.35\u20139.46). Preputial temperatures of the bull weakly correlated with ambient temperatures (r<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.29, P\u2009=\u20090.028). The preputial pH of silage\u2010fed bulls was significantly lower than that of bulls fed forage only (P\u2009=\u20090.025) or grain\u2010supplemented diets (P\u2009=\u20090.002). The median preputial pH of bulls fed a silage\u2010based diet was 7.6 (6.3\u20138.9) compared with a median pH\u20098.7 (7.8\u20139.1) for bulls fed forage\u2010based diets or a median of 8.5 (7.7\u20139.4) for those given grain\u2010supplemented diets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diet and ambient temperature can, respectively, affect pH and the temperature in the prepuce. Further studies to describe and understand the microbiota of the prepuce and penis may assist in developing treatments for diseases of the genital tract in bulls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T14:28:06Z","timestamp":1512138486000},"page":"480-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Initial steps in defining the environment of the prepuce of the bull by measuring pH and temperature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0096-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JH","family":"Koziol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NS","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland  Gatton Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Passler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DF","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pathogenic and indigenous microorganisms of humans","volume":"1","author":"Granato P","year":"2003","journal-title":"Man Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.7.2158-2165.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Variations in vaginal pH in dairy cattle associated with parity and the periparturient period","volume":"67","author":"Beckwith\u2010Cohen B","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isr J Vet Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"The regional differences of the pH\u2010value in the vagina, cervix, and uterus of cows during interestrus","volume":"110","author":"Wehrend A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-44-11512"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(84)81278-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(75)90160-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.713702x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.713694x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"vivo determinations of the hydrogen ion concentration of the vagina of dairy cows","volume":"22","author":"Dougherty R","year":"1941","journal-title":"North Am Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0150307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","article-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","author":"Dyce KM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elsevier Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34152-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"In vitro efficacy of anti\u2010protozoal compounds against Tritrichomonas foetus","author":"Koziol JH","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00203-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"The evolution of the scrotum","author":"Carrick F","year":"1977","journal-title":"Reprod Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"90","volume-title":"The mammalian testis Cornell University Press, Ithaca","author":"Setchell B","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Handbook of physiology. Vol. 5: Male reproductive system","author":"Gunn S","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0830673"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","article-title":"Large animal internal medicine","author":"Smith BP","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elsevier Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"949","volume-title":"Large animal internal medicine","author":"Van Metre DC","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Australian Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Favj.12650","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/avj.12650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T17:55:20Z","timestamp":1696614920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/avj.12650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/avj.12650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12650","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-0423","1751-0813"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-0423","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-0813","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-11-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}