{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:39:18Z","timestamp":1774690758389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]],"date-time":"2018-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000982","name":"The Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the effectiveness of controlled\u2010release devices (CRDs) for providing zinc and for estimating faecal output in alpacas and sheep at pasture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study groups of 10 alpacas and 10 sheep at pasture were paired within species and allocated at random to receive by mouth either one CRD containing chromium sesquioxide designed to function for at least 21\u2009days or two CRDs, one containing chromium sesquioxide and the other zinc oxide designed to release over a nominal 60\u2010day period. Faecal concentrations of chromium, zinc and ash, blood and plasma concentrations of zinc and plasma activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured over a period of 117\u2009days after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean faecal chromium excretion profiles suggested that the CRDs performed in a similar manner in both species, releasing chromium for nearly 30\u2009days in alpacas and for slightly more than 30\u2009days in sheep. Using a common predetermined release rate of chromium from the CRDs, the daily faecal outputs of alpacas and sheep were estimated to be 0.54\u2009kg dry matter and 0.33\u2009kg dry matter, respectively. The CRD containing zinc oxide provided after 1\u2009week an estimated daily release rate of 40\u2009mg zinc with a lifetime of between 60 and 70\u2009days in both species. The additional zinc did not elicit a response in blood zinc concentrations or in plasma ALP activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CRDs were retained in the gastrointestinal tracts of the alpacas and sheep and both types functioned as expected. The CRD delivering chromium sesquioxide at a known release rate provided an estimate of faecal dry matter output over a period of almost 3\u2009weeks and the CRD formulated to deliver supplementary zinc did so at the nominal release rate over a period of approximately 60\u2009days in both species. These data indicated that the standard sheep CRD is applicable for use in alpacas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T06:09:57Z","timestamp":1538978997000},"page":"458-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of controlled\u2010release devices for providing chromium sesquioxide and zinc in Huacaya alpacas at pasture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"GJ","family":"Judson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Research &amp; Development Institute  Glenside SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BA","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibre Quality Department, Victorian Institute of Animal Science Department of Agriculture, Energy &amp; Minerals  Attwood VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KJ","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO, Agriculture &amp; Food  Armidale NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AM","family":"Howse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibre Quality Department, Victorian Institute of Animal Science Department of Agriculture, Energy &amp; Minerals  Attwood VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"The mineral nutrition of livestock","author":"Underwood EJ","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.673835x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Australian Camelid Veterinary Association","author":"Judson G","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN11011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/112.12.2286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Continuous administration of chromic oxide to grazing cattle","volume":"7","author":"Ellis KJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc Aust"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32638-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Proceedings of a symposium on ruminant physiology: concepts and consequences","author":"Panggabean T","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(02)00050-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Analysis of faecal chromium derived from controlled release marker devices","volume":"3","author":"Costigan P","year":"1987","journal-title":"NZ J Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"The guide to GenStat\u00ae. 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