{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:42:11Z","timestamp":1791920531352,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the commercial release in Australia in 2004 of a vaccine against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV; Fel\u2010O\u2010Vax FIV\u00ae), the landscape for FIV diagnostics shifted substantially. Point\u2010of\u2010care (PoC) antibody detection kits, which had been the mainstay for diagnosing FIV infection since the early 1990s, were no longer considered accurate to use in FIV\u2010vaccinated cats, because of the production of vaccine\u2010induced antibodies that were considered indistinguishable from those produced in natural FIV infections. Consequently, attention shifted to alternative diagnostic methods such as nucleic acid detection. However, over the past 5\u2009years we have published a series of studies emphasising that FIV PoC test kits vary in their methodology, resulting in differing accuracy in FIV\u2010vaccinated cats. Importantly, we demonstrated that two commercially available FIV antibody test kits (Witness\u2122 and Anigen Rapid\u2122) were able to accurately distinguish between FIV\u2010vaccinated and FIV\u2010infected cats, concluding that testing with either kit offers an alternative to PCR testing. This review summarises pertinent findings from our work published in a variety of peer\u2010reviewed research journals to inform veterinarians (particularly veterinarians in Australia, New Zealand and Japan, where the FIV vaccine is currently commercially available) about how the approach to the diagnosis of FIV infection has shifted. Included in this review is our work investigating the performance of three commercially available FIV PoC test kits in FIV\u2010vaccinated cats and our recommendations for the diagnosis of FIV infection; the effect of primary FIV vaccination (three FIV vaccines, 4\u2009weeks apart) on PoC test kit performance; our recommendations regarding annual testing of FIV\u2010vaccinated cats to detect \u2018vaccine breakthroughs\u2019; and the potential off\u2010label use of saliva for the diagnosis of FIV infection using some FIV PoC test kits. We also investigated the accuracy of the same three brands of test kits for feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) diagnosis, using both blood and saliva as diagnostic specimens. Based on these results, we discuss our recommendations for confirmatory testing when veterinarians are presented with a positive FeLV PoC test kit result. Finally, we conclude with our results from the largest and most recent FIV and FeLV seroprevalence study conducted in Australia to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T04:42:00Z","timestamp":1551242520000},"page":"47-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ME","family":"Westman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Education The University of Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JM","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3643650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.20.8088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Fenner's veterinary virology","author":"Maclachlan N","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v3101870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2006.00071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4112684"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02584-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"3642","article-title":"Humoral immune reactivity to feline leukaemia virus and associated antigens in cats naturally infected with feline leukaemia virus","volume":"40","author":"Lutz H","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.11.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00196.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.10.1362","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic methods for feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus","volume":"199","author":"Jarrett O","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(96)80026-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199003000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.10.1339","article-title":"Use of western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation for diagnosis of feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus infections","volume":"199","author":"Egberink HF","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"753","article-title":"The variability of serological and molecular diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"45","author":"Bienzle D","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00227-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Does a DIVA test exist for differentiating FIV infection from FIV vaccination? 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