{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T02:28:39Z","timestamp":1743992919227},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine heartworm (<jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>) was reported as endemic to South Australia over 25\u2009years ago, but the current status of canine heartworm infection in South Australia is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We surveyed South Australian veterinary practices to collect evidence about canine heartworm cases, prevention, screening and treatment practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 141 veterinary practices operating in South Australia (92.3% response rate) completed a 12\u2010question telephone survey. Five confirmed cases of heartworm and one suspected false\u2010positive case were reported from separate practices over the 2016\u201317 financial year. All confirmed cases had recently relocated to South Australia from interstate. Incidence of canine heartworm was estimated at 0.00% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.00\u20130.0006) and prevalence at 0.002% (95%CI: 0.00\u20130.004) using conservative estimates of the South Australian dog population. Attitudes and protocols regarding heartworm differed significantly between metropolitan and rural veterinary practices. All metropolitan practices recommend systematic medicated prevention against heartworm, while some rural practices (20.7%) recommend prevention only when travelling interstate (P &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although there is a minor source of heartworm from introduction of infected dogs into South Australia, there is no evidence that the infection is transmitted to other dogs within the state. Therefore, it is unlikely that heartworm is currently endemic to South Australia as reported in the past. This new evidence provides a strong case to refine current prevention practices to reflect the current negligible risk of heartworm infection within South Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T17:00:17Z","timestamp":1559062817000},"page":"191-196","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Is canine heartworm (<i>Dirofilaria immitis<\/i>) endemic to South Australia?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"EJ","family":"Dearsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus  Roseworthy South Australia, 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RM","family":"O\u2019Handley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus  Roseworthy South Australia, 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CGB","family":"Caraguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus  Roseworthy South Australia, 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1821-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00131-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-20.2.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb12546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.1.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2073-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Human dirofilariasis: an emerging zoonosis","volume":"3","author":"Reddy MV","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1995.tb01276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"GrandiG KramerLH BazzocchiCet al.Dirofilaria immitisand the endosymbiont Wolbachia: inflammation and immune response in heartworm disease.2005;4:11\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Advances in parasitology","author":"McCall JW","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(98)80012-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"826","article-title":"Renal microcirculatory and correlated histologic changes associated with dirofilariasis in dogs","volume":"49","author":"Ludders W","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Current canine guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs","author":"Nelson C","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Temperature requirements for the development of Dirofilaria immitis in Aedes\u2010triseriatus and Ae. vexans","volume":"41","author":"Fortin JF","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Results and realistic implications of the 2004 AHS\u2010Merial heartworm survey","author":"Guerrero J NC","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09987.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07429.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00594.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"TragarEL CaraguaelCCB O'HandleyRM. 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