{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:07:59Z","timestamp":1777950479832,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Identify veterinarians' practices, recommendations and perceptions when preventing tetanus in horses in Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Graduated members of Equine Veterinarians Australia participated in an online survey about the prevention of tetanus in horses in Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 77 respondents (response rate\u2009~\u20098%), 50 (65%) reported that they had attended collectively 145\u2013152 cases of tetanus in horses in Australia (1.1 cases of tetanus observed\/10 veterinarian\u2010years since qualification). The estimated case fatality rate (CFR) was at least 79%. Puncture wounds were most frequently suspected as the entry point (32%; n\u00a0=\u00a047). Five respondents (7%) reported cases of localised tetanus. Three respondents reported generalised tetanus within 2\u2009weeks of tetanus antitoxin (TAT) administration. Respondents did not report any cases of tetanus in horses which had been vaccinated according to manufacturer's recommendations. All respondents recommended vaccination, but over 50% (N\u00a0=\u00a045) stated \u2018lack of veterinary recommendation\u2019 as often or sometimes a reason why clients did not vaccinate horses. Opinions varied on the use of TAT for peri\u2010exposure prophylaxis; 67% of respondents dosed TAT independent of body weight, with the rest dosing according to body weight. Cases of Theiler's disease related to the use of TAT were not reported in Australia by respondents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The caseload of equine tetanus appears relatively low among equine veterinarians in Australia. Consistent with the literature, estimated CFR was high. Respondents' recommendations and perceptions about tetanus vaccination were generally consistent but varied regarding TAT usage. Evidence for TAT usage is limited and we recommend studies of TAT efficacy in horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T11:16:18Z","timestamp":1644059778000},"page":"181-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A survey of veterinarians' practices, recommendations and perceptions associated with the prevention of tetanus in horses in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1750-5481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ST","family":"Dennis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Veterinary School University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"CM","family":"El Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Veterinary School University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"VJ","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University  Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales 2008 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"637","volume-title":"Equine internal medicine","author":"Morresey PR","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720906814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/095777307X181320"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"2278","volume-title":"Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats","author":"Constable PD","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"A twenty\u2010year retrospective study of tetanus in horses: 42 cases","volume":"85","author":"Gra\u010dner D","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Arch"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03210.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"MayhewJG.Tetanus due to clostridium tetani neuro toxicity Proceedings of 39th Bain Fallon Lectures 2017;106\u2013108."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"The uses and results of active tetanus immunisation","volume":"13","author":"Scheibel I","year":"1955","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Deadly diseases and epidemics: tetanus","author":"Guilfoyle P","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Tetanus in the equine species: a retrospective study of 31 cases","volume":"133","author":"Van Galen G","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12668"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Equivac\u00ae T Vaccine Zoetis Australia product information\/msds. 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