{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:47:39Z","timestamp":1788976059161,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009207","name":"Agrifutures Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009207","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The largest Australian farm\u2010based outbreak of Q fever originated from a dairy goat herd. We surveyed commercial dairy goat farms across Australia by testing bulk tank milk (BTM) samples using a commercial indirect enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay and two quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Of the 66 commercial dairy goat herds on record, managers from 61 herds were contacted and 49 provided BTM samples. Five of the surveyed herds were positive on at least one of the diagnostic tests, thus herd\u2010level apparent prevalence was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4 to 22). True prevalence was estimated to be 3% (95% credible interval: 0 to 18). Herd managers completed a questionnaire on herd management, biosecurity and hygiene practices and risk factors were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. Herds with &gt;900 milking does (the upper quartile) were more likely to be <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> positive (odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a06.75; 95% CI 1.65 to 27.7) compared with farms with \u2264900 milking does. The odds of BTM positivity increased by a factor of 2.53 (95% CI 1.51 to 4.22) for each order of magnitude increase in the number of goats per acre. <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> was not detected in samples from the majority of the Australian dairy goat herds suggesting there is an opportunity to protect the industry and contain this disease with strengthened biosecurity practices. Intensification appeared associated with an increased risk of positivity. Further investigation is required to discriminate the practices associated with an increased risk of introduction to disease\u2010free herds, from practices associated with maintenance of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection in infected dairy goat herds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T08:59:28Z","timestamp":1652864368000},"page":"296-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A cross\u2010sectional survey of risk factors for the presence of <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i> in Australian commercial dairy goat farms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"KW","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AK","family":"Wiethoelter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MA","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RJ","family":"Soares Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland  Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Lignereux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal &amp; Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus The University of Adelaide  Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Caraguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal &amp; Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus The University of Adelaide  Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Stenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health  Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health  Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JW","family":"Aleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University  90 South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Production and Health, Future Foods Institute Murdoch University  90 South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SM","family":"Firestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70052-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1667-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2014.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-81"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Animal industries\u2014new, developing and maturing. 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