{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:43:21Z","timestamp":1747183401861,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterise the novel occurrence and neuro\u2010ophthalmological features of static anisocoria in cats and dogs with tick paralysis (TP) (<jats:italic>Ixodes holocyclus)<\/jats:italic> due to a single tick located remote from the head and neck.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational case series with retrospective analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical records were reviewed from 69 cats and 169 dogs treated for TP from a suburban veterinary hospital in Newcastle, New South Whales, between September 2005 and October 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anisocoria was observed in 2\/18 (11.1%) cats and 3\/30 (10.0%) dogs with a single tick located remote from the head and neck. These proportions were not different when compared within species to 4 of 28 (14.3%) cats and 16 of 98 (16.3%) dogs with aniscocoria with a single tick located on the head and neck region (P\u2009=\u20091 and 0.56 respectively). Anisocoria arose from pupillary efferent dysfunction and included unilateral oculoparasympathetic dysfunction (internal ophthalmoplegia) in one dog, unilateral oculosympathetic dysfunction (Horner's syndrome) in one cat and one dog, and a combination of bilateral, but asymmetric, oculosympathetic and oculoparasympathetic dysfunction in one cat and one dog.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is proposed that anisocoria in cases of TP with a tick located remote from the head and neck is due to an intrinsic latent asymmetry in the safety factor for pupillary efferent function that is unmasked by a systemically distributed holocyclotoxin inhibiting neural transmission within this system, and this is the prevailing pathomechanism, rather than a direct local effect, underscoring anisocoria with a tick located on the head or neck.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T05:51:56Z","timestamp":1691992316000},"page":"383-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Static anisocoria in cats and dogs with naturally occurring tick paralysis (<i>Ixodes holocyclus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1801-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"CT","family":"Holland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merewether Veterinary Hospital  Merewether New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"817","article-title":"Anisocoria in dogs and cats: ocular and neurologic causes","volume":"9","author":"Neer TM","year":"1987","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction of the eye","volume":"5","author":"Collins BK","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"661","article-title":"A diagnostic approach to anisocoria","volume":"17","author":"Bercovitch M","year":"1995","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1307","volume-title":"Veterinary ophthalmology","author":"Scagliotti RH","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"1168","volume-title":"Kirk's current veterinary therapy XIV","author":"Cottrill NB","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology","author":"De Lahunta A","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"CooperBJ.Studies on the pathogenesis of tick paralysis [PhD Thesis]. 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