{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:28:14Z","timestamp":1789770494990,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the prevalence, type, site and breed predisposition of thoracic congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) in neurologically normal brachycephalic \u2018screw\u2010tail\u2019 dog breeds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurologically normal French Bulldogs (n\u2009=\u200963), British Bulldogs (n\u2009=\u200942), Boston Terriers (n\u2009=\u20094) and Pugs (n\u2009=\u200986) presenting for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Either a plain computer tomography scan of the thorax or lateral and dorso\u2010ventral digital radiographs of the thoracic vertebral column of each dog were assessed for any vertebral malformations and classed according to the Modified McMaster vertebral abnormality classification scheme proposed by Guiterrez et al.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of dogs with one or more abnormal vertebrae was 96.82% in French Bulldogs, 90.47% in British Bulldogs, and 76.74% in Pugs. Pugs had significantly lower instances of CVMs than French Bulldogs. The four Boston Terriers all had vertebral malformations, but the results were not considered to be statistically significant due to their small sample size. In French Bulldogs and British Bulldogs, ventral hypoplasia (Type 3) occurred at greater rates than all other types, followed by ventral and median hypoplasia (Types 7) and symmetrical hypoplasia (Type 8). In Pugs, symmetrical hypoplasia (Type 8) was the most common and then ventral hypoplasia (Type 3). The most affected vertebrae were T6\u2013T9 in Pugs and T5\u2013T10 in French Bulldogs and British Bulldogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of neurologically normal brachycephalic \u2018screw\u2010tail\u2019 dogs assessed in this paper possessed one or more congenital thoracic vertebral malformations. Dogs with vertebral malformations were found to be more likely to have more than one affected vertebra. Sex had no effect on the prevalence of CVM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>A substantial number of neurologically normal brachycephalic \u2018screw\u2010tail\u2019 dogs suffer from congenital vertebral malformations. Thus, the need for selective breeding programmes to eliminate this hereditary condition is crucial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T11:16:43Z","timestamp":1721474203000},"page":"503-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence and classification of congenital thoracic vertebral body abnormalities in neurologically normal brachycephalic \u2018screw\u2010tail\u2019 dog breeds in referral practice in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5717-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"WB","family":"Moses","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Judhar Veterinary group  Hawthorne Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5457-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"IA","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean State Veterinary Specialists  East Greenwich Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4188-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"EA","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PA","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Specialist Services  Jindalee Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.96.14.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Prevalence, grading and genetics of hemivertebrae in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Schlensker E","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Comp Anim Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007850"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-021-02261-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"VoltaA MorganJP GnudiGet al.Clinical radiological study of the vertebral abnormalities in the English bulldog. 12th Annual Conference of the European Association of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging. 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