{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:26:55Z","timestamp":1788276415478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The orange\u2010bellied parrot (\n                    <jats:italic>Neophema chrysogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) (OBP) is a critically endangered migratory parrot found in south\u2010eastern Australia. A long\u2010standing conservation recovery programme includes monitoring and support of the wild population and a multi\u2010site captive insurance population. While disease represents a threatening process to the OBP, minimal information about causes of mortality in this species has been published. A systematic review of necropsy reports from the captive OBP metapopulation over a 9\u2010year period (2010\u20132019) was undertaken to quantify and analyse the causes of mortality of captive OBPs. Infectious disease was the most common cause of death (35%), including respiratory aspergillosis and a range of bacterial infections, followed by trauma (7%). Confirmed or suspected Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease caused few deaths overall (1.4%) but caused an outbreak of juvenile and subadult mortality at one facility in 2019. Necropsy records alone were insufficient to determine the contribution of this infection to captive population health beyond these cases. Disease occurrence varied with site and age class; in particular, aspergillosis and mycobacteriosis were each more common at two separate sites, offering opportunities for further investigation of disease risk factors that could include environmental, husbandry and pathogen factors. A high proportion of cases (46%) could not be assigned a cause of death, though diagnostic success increased with age class, year of study and when histology was performed in younger age classes. These findings are relevant to future conservation decisions for the OBP, particularly resource allocation for research and diagnostics, and have broader interest to veterinarians, pathologists, ecologists and captive management specialists. Our findings also reinforce the importance of consistency in necropsy investigations and pathological terminology and the need for accessible and standardised mortality records for conservation programmes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:15:37Z","timestamp":1782785737000},"page":"619-633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 9\u2010year retrospective mortality review of captive orange\u2010bellied parrots (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>N<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    <i>eophema chrysogaster<\/i>\n                    ) in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"CL","family":"Bayley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animalia Services  Elsternwick Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gribbles Veterinary Pathology  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Eden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoos Victoria  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"National Recovery Plan for the orange\u2010bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster","author":"DELWP","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01584197.2020.1799411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"TroyS.Orange bellied parrot Tasmania program \u2010 report on the Melaleuca wild population 2019\/20.Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment Canberra 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"DNRE.Orange\u2010bellied parrot latest updates website.https:\/\/nre.tas.gov.au\/conservation\/threatened-species-and-communities\/lists-of-threatened-species\/threatened-species-vertebrates\/orange-bellied-parrot\/latest-updates\/previous-updates. 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Unpublished report for the Department of the Environment and Energy based on the views of Stakeholders and an Independent Review Panel2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2008.00228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Management and conservation of small populations: proceedings of a conference held in Melbourne","author":"Menkhorst PW","year":"1990"},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Suspected zinc toxicosis as a cause of sudden death in orange\u2010bellied parrots Neophema chrysogaster","volume":"14","author":"Holz P","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-06-154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03052-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"HarrisJ.Pathologies diagnostic implications and strategies in a breeding colony of orange\u2010bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogaster). Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians Australasian committee and Unusual and Exotic Pet Veterinarians Annual Conference Wellington New Zealand 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Wildlife Disease Association Australasian Section Annual Conference","author":"Eden P","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Wildlife disease risk assessment for the National Recovery Program of the orange\u2010bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster)","author":"Eden P","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Manual of procedures for wildlife disease risk analysis","author":"Jakob\u2010Hoff RM","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"Species360 Zoological Information Management System Version 2.25.5 2014. 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