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He met criteria for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and developed new\u2010onset neurological dysfunction subsequent to the development of sepsis. Neurological changes included generalised seizures, coma and proprioceptive and cranial nerve deficits. The cat additionally had pulmonary, hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Diagnostic findings included a normal brain MRI and a normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total cell count (0.6 cells\/\u03bcL, reference interval 0\u20108 cells\/\u03bcL) with a relative increase in neutrophils (35%) and mast cells (31%). Exclusion of other aetiologies and a consistent clinical progression prompted a diagnosis of probable sepsis\u2010associated encephalopathy (SAE). Treatment followed guideline recommendations for sepsis, including prompt broad\u2010spectrum intravenous antimicrobial therapy, source control, intravenous fluid therapy and vasoactive agents to normalise perfusion, mechanical ventilation, and support for other organ dysfunctions. Treatment for seizures included multiple anticonvulsant medications (midazolam, levetiracetam, propofol and phenobarbital). The cat had a good long\u2010term functional outcome; however, generalised seizures persisted up to 2\u2009years post\u2010discharge. This is the first report of a syndrome of neurological dysfunction in a cat consistent with SAE in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.70093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:30:53Z","timestamp":1778157053000},"page":"523-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probable sepsis\u2010associated encephalopathy as a component of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in a cat with pyothorax"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6623-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"CC","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine Murdoch University  Murdoch Western Australia 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