{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:45:00Z","timestamp":1787013900108,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]],"date-time":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For people seeking treatment, the course of heroin addiction tends to be chronic and relapsing, and longer duration of treatment is associated with better outcomes. Heroin addiction is strongly associated with deviant behaviour and crime, and the objectives in treating heroin addiction have been a blend of humane support, rehabilitation, public health intervention and crime control. Reduction in street heroin use is the foundation on which all these outcomes are based. The pharmacological basis of maintenance treatment of dependent individuals is to minimize withdrawal symptoms and attenuate the reinforcing effects of street heroin, leading to reduction or cessation of street heroin use. Opioid maintenance treatment can be moderately effective in suppressing heroin use, although deviations from evidence\u2010based approaches, particularly the use of suboptimal doses, have meant that treatment as delivered in practice may have resulted in poorer outcomes than predicted by research. Methadone treatment has been \u2018programmatic\u2019, with a one\u2010size\u2010fits\u2010all approach that in part reflects the perceived need to impose discipline on deviant individuals. However, differences in pharmacokinetics and in side\u2010effects mean that many patients do not respond optimally to methadone. Injectable diamorphine (heroin) provides a more reinforcing medication for some \u2018nonresponders\u2019 and can be a valuable option in the rehabilitation of demoralized, socially excluded individuals. Buprenorphine, a partial agonist, is a less reinforcing medication with different side\u2010effects and less risk of overdose. Not only is it a different medication, but also it can be used in a different paradigm of treatment, office\u2010based opioid treatment, with less structure and offering greater patient autonomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T15:37:19Z","timestamp":1354635439000},"page":"253-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Pharmacological maintenance treatments of opiate addiction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kings Health Partners  London SE5 8RS UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","author":"UNODC 2007","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9422216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00717.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198708133170710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02029.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00354.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198807000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102458\u20106\u2010205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00211-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","article-title":"Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence","author":"Mattick RP","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"What Caused the Recent Drop in Property Crime? Crime and Justice Bulletin 85","author":"Moffatt S","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480020063032","article-title":"Variation in methadone treatment practices: results from a national study","volume":"267","author":"D'Aunno T","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0740-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)90090-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00542117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318192eb00"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31822fbf7c","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring for drugs used in the treatment of substance\u2010related disorders: literature review using a therapeutic drug monitoring appropriateness rating scale","volume":"33","author":"Brunen S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.01750320112017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197802000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02627.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810635"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60349-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7150.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","volume-title":"The German Model Project for Heroin\u2010Assisted Treatment of Opioid Dependent Patients \u2013 A Multi Site, Randomised Controlled Treatment Study","author":"Naber D","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003410.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"ReuterP.Can heroin maintenance help Baltimore? The Abell Foundation 111 S. Calvert Street Suite 2300 Baltimore Maryland 21202 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770280111012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00056-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MattickRP KimberJ BreenC DavoliM.2008)Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence The Cochrane Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00322-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.5.797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01979.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01335.x","article-title":"Costs of addressing heroin addiction in Malaysia and 32 comparable countries worldwide","volume":"47","author":"Ruger JP","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02729.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007380.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.3.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004147.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00055-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480020063032","article-title":"Variations in methadone treatment practices: results from a national study","volume":"267","author":"D'Aunno T","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01762.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61420-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","volume-title":"Drug Misuse and Dependence: UK Guidelines on Clinical Management","author":"Department of Health (England) and the devolved administrations","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","first-page":"80","volume-title":"Research into the Treatment of Narcotic Addiction \u2013 State of the Art","author":"Goldstein A","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Scientific Basis of Drug Dependence","author":"Connell PH","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","unstructured":"DoleVP NyswanderM.1973.Rehabilitation of patients on methadone programs.Proceedings of the 5thNational Conference on Methadone Treatment 1\u20137. New York: National Association for the Prevention of Addiction to Narcotics."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","volume-title":"Drug Strategy 2010: Reducing Demand, Restricting Supply, Building Recovery: Supporting People to Live A Drug Free Life","author":"HM Government","year":"2010"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088509047261","article-title":"\u2018It takes your heart\u2019: the image of methadone maintenance in the addict world and its effect on recruitment into treatment","volume":"20","author":"Hunt DA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200022030-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9089-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.17.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","volume-title":"The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings","author":"Wampold BE","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","volume-title":"Methadone\u2010Associated Mortality: Report of A National Assessment, May 8\u20139, 2003","author":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","volume-title":"Clinical Guidelines and Procedures for the Use of Methadone in the Maintenance Treatment of Heroin Dependence","author":"Henry\u2010Edwards S","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198811173192005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.2.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477\u20107517\u20108\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.014969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.015487"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbcp.12051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcp.12051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T15:58:59Z","timestamp":1694447939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcp.12051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcp.12051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.12051","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]}}}