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Various potential risk or preventive factors have been suggested by epidemiological research, including modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet. Current epidemiological data are in favour of a protective role of certain micronutrients (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> vitamins related to homocysteine metabolism, the anti\u2010oxidant vitamins <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>, flavonoids, polyunsatured omega\u20103 fatty acids, vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>) and macronutrients (fish) in the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>. Some factors have been targeted by interventions tested in randomized controlled trials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCTs<\/jats:styled-content>), but many of the results are conflicting with observational evidence. Epidemiological analysis of the relations between nutrient consumption and cognitive decline is complex and it is highly unlikely that a single component plays a major role. In addition, since multiple factors across the life course influence brain function in late life, multidomain interventions might be more promising in the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>. Designing such trials remains very challenging for researchers. The main objective of this paper is to review the epidemiologic data linking potential protective factors to cognitive decline or dementia\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>, focusing particularly on the roles of adiposity, caloric restriction, micro (group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> vitamins related to homocysteine metabolism, the anti\u2010oxidant vitamins <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>, flavonoids, polyunsatured omega\u20103 fatty acids, vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>) and macronutrients (fish). Limitations of the current data, divergence with results of interventional prevention studies and challenges for future research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T13:05:21Z","timestamp":1444741521000},"page":"738-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Nutrition and neurodegeneration: epidemiological evidence and challenges for future research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Gillette\u2010Guyonnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerontopole Toulouse University Hospital Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Purpan University Hospital  Toulouse F\u201031059 France"},{"name":"Inserm 1027  Toulouse F\u201031073 France"},{"name":"University of Toulouse III  Toulouse F\u201031073 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