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Novel procedure\u2010 as well as device\u2010based strategies, such as percutaneous renal sympathetic nerve denervation, have been developed to improve blood pressure in these refractory patients. Renal sympathetic denervation not only reduces blood pressure but also renal as well as systemic sympathetic nerve activity in such patients. The reduction in blood pressure appears to be sustained over 3 years after the procedure, which suggests absence of re\u2010innervation of renal sympathetic nerves. Safety appears to be adequate. This approach may also have potential in other disorders associated with enhanced sympathetic nerve activity such as congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This review will focus on the current status of percutaneous renal sympathetic nerve denervation, clinical efficacy and safety outcomes and prospects beyond refractory hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T12:36:43Z","timestamp":1372768603000},"page":"495-503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Renal sympathetic nerve ablation for treatment\u2010resistant hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Henry","family":"Krum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Cardiovascular Research &amp; Education (CCRE) in Therapeutics Monash University\/Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Schlaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker IDI Heart &amp; Diabetes Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sobotka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.189141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168948"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.169961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00647.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2003.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10641968409062580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.1.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/2.3.119S","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system influences on the kidney. 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