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It is increasingly recognized that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content>can be detected in the early stages and should be managed as early as possible. Treatment of the cause, but in particular control of the main risk markers, such as high blood pressure, glucose and albuminuria, has been instrumental in delaying the progression to end\u2010stage renal disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESRD<\/jats:styled-content>). However, despite the state of the art therapy, the absolute risk of renal and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content>patients remains devastatingly high. Novel drugs are therefore highly desirable to halt effectively the progressive renal (and cardiovascular) function loss. Recently, several novel strategies have been tested targeting traditional risk factors such as blood pressure (combination therapy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACEi<\/jats:styled-content>) and angiotensin receptor blockers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARB<\/jats:styled-content>) and novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) as well as dyslipidaemia (statins) with surprising results. In addition, drug targets specifically related to the kidney, such as vitamin<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>, uric acid, erythropoietin and phosphate, have been the subject of clinical trials, in some instances with unexpected results. Finally, novel targets including endothelin receptors and inflammatory pathways are increasingly explored as potential avenues to improve renal and cardiovascular protection, albeit that the drugs tested have not been unequivocally successful. In this article we review novel drugs or intervention strategies for the management of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content>, we try to provide explanations for the failure of some promising drugs and hypothesize on the potential success of new strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T16:13:09Z","timestamp":1372263189000},"page":"536-550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Novel drugs and intervention strategies for the treatment of chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Hiddo Jan","family":"Lambers Heerspink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"de Zeeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-007-9024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60595-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.21.2719"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11445-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031131.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.8.947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00653.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V8101537","article-title":"Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 in proximal tubule cells by urinary protein","volume":"8","author":"Wang Y","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00905.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.63.s84.13.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006121372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V10112426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90910-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011111112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","article-title":"The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long\u2010term complications in insulin\u2010dependent diabetes mellitus. 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