{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T11:41:09Z","timestamp":1781264469492,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of levamisole in children with steroid\u2010sensitive nephrotic syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010linear mixed effects modelling was performed on samples collected during a randomized controlled trial. Samples were collected from children who were receiving 2.5\u2009mg kg<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> levamisole (or placebo) orally once every other day. One hundred and thirty\u2010six plasma samples were collected from 38 children from India and Europe and included in the analysis. A one compartment model described the data well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The apparent clearance rate (CL\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>) and distribution volume (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>) were 44\u2009l h<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> 70\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> and 236\u2009l 70\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>, respectively; estimated interindividual variability was 32\u201342%. In addition to allometric scaling of CL\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> to body weight, we identified a significant proportional effect of age on CL\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (\u201310.1% per year). The pharmacokinetics parameters were not affected by gender, tablet strength or study centre. The median (interquartile range) maximum plasma concentration of levamisole was 438.3 (316.5\u2013621.8) ng ml<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>, and the median area under the concentration\u2013time curve was 2847 (2267\u20133761) ng ml<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> h. Median <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>\u00bd<\/jats:sub> values were 1.65 (1.32\u20132.0) h and 2.60 (2.06\u20133.65) h, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we present the first pharmacokinetic data regarding levamisole in children with steroid\u2010sensitive nephrotic syndrome. The pharmacokinetic profile of levamisole in children was similar to findings reported in adults, although the elimination rate was slightly higher in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,13]],"date-time":"2015-02-13T03:46:09Z","timestamp":1423799169000},"page":"242-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Population pharmacokinetics of levamisole in children with steroid\u2010sensitive nephrotic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"A. R.","family":"Kreeftmeijer\u2010Vegter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology Utrecht University  P.O. Box\u00a080 082 3508\u2009TB Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"ACE Pharmaceuticals BV  Schepenveld 41 3891 ZK Zeewolde the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. P. C.","family":"Dorlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology Utrecht University  P.O. Box\u00a080 082 3508\u2009TB Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department Pharmaceutical Biosciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"Gruppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Nephrology Emma Children's Hospital\/Academic Medical Centre  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology Utrecht University  P.O. Box\u00a080 082 3508\u2009TB Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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