{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:32:02Z","timestamp":1792679522663,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]],"date-time":"2015-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Seizures are a common complication of drug intoxication, and up to 9% of status epilepticus cases are caused by a drug or poison. While the specific drugs associated with drug\u2010induced seizures may vary by geography and change over time, common reported causes include antidepressants, stimulants and antihistamines. Seizures occur generally as a result of inadequate inhibitory influences (e.g., gamma aminobutyric acid, GABA) or excessive excitatory stimulation (e.g. glutamate) although many other neurotransmitters play a role. Most drug\u2010induced seizures are self\u2010limited. However, status epilepticus occurs in up to 10% of cases. Prolonged or recurrent seizures can lead to serious complications and require vigorous supportive care and anticonvulsant drugs. Benzodiazepines are generally accepted as the first line anticonvulsant therapy for drug\u2010induced seizures. If benzodiazepines fail to halt seizures promptly, second line drugs include barbiturates and propofol. If isoniazid poisoning is a possibility, pyridoxine is given. Continuous infusion of one or more anticonvulsants may be required in refractory status epilepticus. There is no role for phenytoin in the treatment of drug\u2010induced seizures. The potential role of ketamine and levetiracetam is promising but not established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T17:54:39Z","timestamp":1436896479000},"page":"412-419","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Treatment of drug\u2010induced seizures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Hsien\u2010Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Poison Control System, Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of California San Francisco USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Chang\u2010Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology San Francisco General Hospital San Francisco USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Albertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Poison Control System, Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of California San Francisco USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of California Davis School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent R.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Poison Control System, Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of California San Francisco USA"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology San Francisco General Hospital San Francisco USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(01)00474-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.8.1037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02158-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.829233"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(93)90001-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.918627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2012.00874.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1036279"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-200041784"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/676358"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2003.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"Tetramine poisoning","volume":"11","author":"Chau CM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327109106488"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f859a6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-010-0096-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1333871"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404269112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2013.808654"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(96)00050-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235443"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90222-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"142","article-title":"Strychnine \u2010 a killer from the past","volume":"10","author":"Makarovsky I","year":"2008","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359832a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2002.32632"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.10.1561"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","volume-title":"Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies","author":"Rao RB","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"Critical Care Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient","author":"Wallace KL","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"CD003723","article-title":"Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus","volume":"9","author":"Prasad M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809173391202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.13.1140.34611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.8.730"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701664574"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(88)80439-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658608990458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.65.1.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","volume-title":"Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies","author":"Curry SC","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm970681h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16660.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9695-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ebch.1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.01904.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2006.26.1.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","unstructured":"Seizures. In POISINDEX(R) Managements. Greenwood Village CO: Thomson Micromedex. Updated periodically. Accessed in 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","first-page":"339","article-title":"Propofol infusion syndrome: update of clinical manifestation and pathophysiology","volume":"75","author":"Fudickar A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2004.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200504000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00040031751029","article-title":"Reversal of prolonged isoniazid\u2010induced coma by pyridoxine","volume":"150","author":"Brent J","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Internal Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90103-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(78)90164-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(96)00062-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.521506"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22321-7","article-title":"Phenytoin prophylaxis of cardiotoxicity in experimental amitriptyline poisoning","volume":"245","author":"Callaham M","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0773.2000.pto860202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(89)80397-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81606-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70070-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9441(93)90002-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0222-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","first-page":"831260","article-title":"Early Use of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in refractory and superrefractory status epilepticus","author":"Zeiler FA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-011-9668-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-011-0148-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","volume-title":"Poisoning & Drug Overdose","author":"Goralka JM","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbcp.12720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcp.12720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T05:37:41Z","timestamp":1748497061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcp.12720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcp.12720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.12720","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]}}}