{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:16:27Z","timestamp":1788988587653,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary nitrate (found in green leafy vegetables such as rocket and in beetroot) is now recognized to be an important source of nitric oxide, via the nitrate\u2010nitrite\u2010NO pathway. Dietary nitrate confers several cardiovascular beneficial effects on blood pressure, platelets, endothelial function, mitochondrial efficiency and exercise. Having described key twists and turns in the elucidation of the pathway and the underlying mechanisms in Part I, we explore the more recent developments which have served to confirm mechanisms, extend our understanding, and discover new properties and potential therapeutic uses of the pathway in Part II. Even the established dependency on low oxygen states for bioactivation of nitrite has recently been challenged. Dietary nitrate appears to be an important component of \u2018healthy diets\u2019, such as the DASH diet to lower blood pressure and the Mediterranean diet, with its potential to lower cardiovascular risk, possibly through beneficial interactions with a range of other constituents. The World Cancer Research Foundation report strong evidence for vegetables including spinach and lettuce (high nitrate\u2010containing) decreasing cancer risk (mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus and stomach), summarized in a \u2018Nitrate\u2010Cancer Risk Veg\u2010Table\u2019. The European Space Agency recommends that beetroot, lettuce, spinach and rocket (high\u2010nitrate vegetables) are grown to provide food for long\u2010term space missions. Nitrate, an ancient component of rocket fuel, could support sustainable crops for healthy humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T17:52:19Z","timestamp":1456422739000},"page":"140-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["It is rocket science \u2013 why dietary nitrate is hard to \u2018beet\u2019! <i>Part II<\/i>: <i>further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate\u2010nitrite\u2010NO pathway<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Charlotte Elizabeth","family":"Mills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics and Nutrition Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London  Franklins Wilkins Building London SE1 0NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jibran","family":"Khatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital  London SE1 7EH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perry","family":"Maskell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital  London SE1 7EH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimed","family":"Odongerel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital  London SE1 7EH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew James","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital  London SE1 7EH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402927101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153536"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio734"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.116244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000184694.03262.6d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.712133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00206.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)01290-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00424-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.7.3320"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Gating and regulation of the cytochrome c oxidase proton pump","volume":"2012","author":"Ferguson\u2010Miller S","year":"1817","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00722.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2007.01713.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00046.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.216341"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01253.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00071.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X13515043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0057-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144504"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm954"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009554"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012957"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014149"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2010.0070"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6308761"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Time\u2010dependent depletion of nitrite in pork\u2010beef and chicken meat products affects nitrite intake estimation","volume":"33","author":"Merino L","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70789-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.07.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152011795347504"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(95)04087-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(02)00285-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00444-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020456"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","unstructured":"WCRF.World Cancer Research Fund Continuous Update Report 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29277.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00061-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(02)00076-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Composition and antioxidant activity of kale (\n                     Brassica oleracea\n                   L. var. acephala) raw and cooked","volume":"11","author":"Sikora E","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Sci Pol Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/13.12.2277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","volume-title":"Inhibition of the Formation of Carcinogenic N\u2010Nitroso Compounds by Ascorbic Acid and Other Compounds","author":"Mirvish SS","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.12.1477"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.3.JNS13266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.891077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.100586"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0201-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3713-3718.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00546-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Nitrite\u2010derived nitric oxide: a possible mediator of \u2018acidic\u2013metabolic\u2019 vasodilation","volume":"171","author":"Modin A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980207u"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402587101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603357200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.201582"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980207u"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn323"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp275"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402965111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.09.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09385-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312303292706"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0895-804"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221381098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24650"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801785200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368502a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.11.1543"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711459900063X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-8603(02)00010-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01353-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc062800"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/317675b0"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbcp.12918","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbcp.12918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcp.12918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T07:40:14Z","timestamp":1694590814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcp.12918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcp.12918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.12918","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]}}}