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Utilization was expressed in defined daily doses (DDD)\/1000 population\/day.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioid dispensing increased almost four\u2010fold between 1990 and 2014, from 4.6 to 17.4 DDD\/1000 pop\/day. In 1990, weak, short\u2010acting or orally administered opioids accounted for over 90% of utilization. Use of long\u2010acting opioids increased over 17\u2010fold between 1990 and 2000, due primarily to the subsidy of long\u2010acting morphine and increased use of methadone for pain management. Between 2000 and 2011, oxycodone, fentanyl, buprenorphine, tramadol and hydromorphone use increased markedly. Use of strong opioids, long\u2010acting and transdermal preparations also increased, largely following the subsidy of various opioids for noncancer pain. In 2011, the most dispensed opioids were codeine (41.1% of total opioid use), oxycodone (19.7%) and tramadol (16.1%); long\u2010acting formulations comprised approximately half, and strong opioids 40%, of opioid dispensing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioid utilization in Australia is increasing, although these figures remain below levels reported in the US and Canada. The increased use of opioids was largely driven by the subsidy of long\u2010acting formulations and opioids for the treatment of noncancer pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T07:24:44Z","timestamp":1458372284000},"page":"255-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Twenty\u2010five years of prescription opioid use in Australia: a whole\u2010of\u2010population analysis using pharmaceutical claims"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Karanges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines Policy Research Unit, Centre for Big Data Research in Health University of New South Wales  Australia 2052"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Blanch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Sydney  Australia 2006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney  Australia 2006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sallie\u2010Anne","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines Policy Research Unit, Centre for Big Data Research in Health University of New South Wales  Australia 2052"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Sydney  Australia 2006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S55388"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.545813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31816b2f26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70040-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0208-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Prescription opioid analgesic use among adults: United States, 1999\u20132012. 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