{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:35:10Z","timestamp":1788845710354,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]],"date-time":"2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluated the therapeutic outcomes of early versus late caffeine therapy in preterm neonates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and CENTRAL from inception to 30 June 2016 to identify studies investigating the use of early caffeine therapy (initiated at less than 3 days of life) in preterm infants. Effect estimates were combined using random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis. The primary outcomes for this study were bronchopulmonary dysplasia and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The initial search found 4066 citations, of which 14 studies enrolling a total of 64\u2009438 participants were included. The time of initiation of early caffeine therapy varied from the first 2\u00a0h to 3 days postnatal. Early caffeine therapy reduced the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in both cohort studies (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.96) and randomized controlled trials (RR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.81). In cohort studies, neonates treated early with caffeine also showed decreased risks of patent ductus arteriosus, brain injury, retinopathy of prematurity and postnatal steroid use. However, the mortality rate was increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest that early caffeine therapy is associated with reduced incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and may help decrease the burden of morbidities in preterm infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]],"date-time":"2016-08-15T23:12:41Z","timestamp":1471302761000},"page":"180-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of clinical outcomes of early caffeine therapy in preterm neonates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7910-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Pim","family":"Kua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Monash University Malaysia  Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun Wen Huey","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Monash University Malaysia  Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13348"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1707"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"CD000273","article-title":"Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm 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