{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:13:24Z","timestamp":1790255604610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VENI fellowship (grant number 916.10.156)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VENI fellowship (grant number 916.10.156)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing evidence indicates that the ATP\u2010generating enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is involved in hypertension. CK rapidly regenerates ATP from creatine phosphate and ADP. Recently, it has been shown that beta\u2010guanidinopropionic acid (GPA), a kidney\u2010synthesized creatine analogue and competitive CK inhibitor, reduced blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. To further develop the substance as a potential blood pressure\u2010lowering agent, we assessed the tolerability of a sub\u2010therapeutic GPA dose in healthy men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this active and placebo\u2010controlled, triple\u2010blind, single\u2010centre trial, we recruited 24 healthy men (18\u201350 years old, BMI 18.5\u201329.9\u00a0kg\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>) in the Netherlands. Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to one week daily oral administration of GPA 100\u00a0mg, creatine 5\u00a0g, or matching placebo. The primary outcome was the tolerability of GPA, in an intent\u2010to\u2010treat analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four randomized participants received the allocated intervention and 23 completed the study. One participant in the placebo arm dropped out for personal reasons. GPA was well tolerated, without serious or severe adverse events. No abnormalities were reported with GPA use in clinical safety parameters, including physical examination, laboratory studies, or 12\u2010Lead ECG. At day 8, mean plasma GPA was 213.88 (SE\u00a00.07) in the GPA arm <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 32.75 (0.00) nmol\u00a0l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in the placebo arm, a mean difference of 181.13 (95% CI 26.53\u2013335.72).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this first\u2010in\u2010human trial, low\u2010dose GPA was safe and well\u2010tolerated when used during 1 week in healthy men. Subsequent studies should focus on human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments with different doses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]],"date-time":"2017-08-10T07:26:36Z","timestamp":1502349996000},"page":"2626-2635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The acute effect of beta\u2010guanidinopropionic acid <i>versus<\/i> creatine or placebo in healthy men (ABC\u2010Trial): A randomized controlled first\u2010in\u2010human trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fares A.","family":"Karamat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Horjus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yentl C.","family":"Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"van der Woude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne C.","family":"Schaap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Oudman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert A.","family":"van Montfrans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rienk","family":"Nieuwland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gajja S.","family":"Salomons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizzy M.","family":"Brewster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Cincinnati Children's Hospital  Cincinnati Ohio 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