{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:03:16Z","timestamp":1778871796623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HICG\/1\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HICG\/1\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therapy with angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) is a mainstay of treatment for heart failure (HF), diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents have been associated with development of acute kidney injury (AKI) during intercurrent illness. Risk factors for AKI in patients prescribed ACEi\/ARB therapy are not well described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We captured the incidence of AKI in patients commencing ACEi\/ARB during 2009\u20132015 using anonymised patient records. Hospital\u2010coded AKI was defined from hospital episode statistics; biochemical AKI was ascertained from laboratory data. Risk factors for biochemically detected and hospitalised AKI were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 61,318 patients prescribed ACEi\/ARB, with 132 885 person years (py) follow\u2010up, there were 1070 hospitalisations with AKI as a diagnosis recorded and a total of 4645 AKI events, including AKI episodes indicated by biochemical KDIGO\u2010based creatinine change criteria. Incidence of any AKI event was 35.0 per 1000\u2010py, hospital\u2010coded AKI was 7.8 per 1000\u2010py and biochemical AKI was 33.7 per 1000\u2010py. Independent risk factors in a multivariable model for hospital\u2010coded AKI events were age, male gender, HF, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, socioeconomic deprivation, diuretic or non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory use (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In patients prescribed ACEi\/ARB, the highest risk of AKI is associated with conditions which are considered strong evidence\u2010based indications for their prescription. Socio\u2010economic status is an under\u2010reported risk factor for AKI with these agents. Strategies targeted at prevention of AKI may be of benefit, such as enhanced awareness based on higher risk comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T01:34:17Z","timestamp":1572399257000},"page":"121-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk factors associated with biochemically detected and hospitalised acute kidney injury in patients prescribed renin angiotensin system inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3387-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick B.","family":"Mark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit Queen Elizabeth University Hospital  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Papworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitish","family":"Ramparsad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie A.","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Sawhney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition University of Aberdeen  Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corri","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition University of Aberdeen  Aberdeen UK"},{"name":"Department of Public Health NHS Grampian  Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"McConnachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"McCowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011489"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"2012 Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"3","author":"KDIGO","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14282-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e8525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2097OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Continued monitoring of acute kidney injury survivors might not be necessary in those regaining an estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL\/min at 1 year","volume":"32","author":"Stoumpos S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.02.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08970911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000439146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Information Divisions Scotland (ISD). SMR Datasets|SMR01\u2014General\/Acute Inpatient and Day Case|ISD Scotland|Data Dictionary. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-58"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"NHS England.Patient safety alert on standardising the early identification of Acute Kidney Injury.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury","volume":"2","author":"KDIGO","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605303342207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S146757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10363-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3283588f24"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-016-0480-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012674"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbcp.14141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcp.14141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bcp.14141","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcp.14141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T05:32:08Z","timestamp":1694151128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcp.14141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcp.14141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.14141","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}}}