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Lifetime NMU of benzodiazepines was highest in Spain (6.5%, 95% CI: 6.0\u20137.0) and lowest in Germany (1.7%, 1.5\u20132.0). Lifetime NMU of GABA analogues was highest in Germany (5.4%, 5.0\u20135.7) and lowest in France (2.2%, 1.9\u20132.5) and the UK (2.2%, 1.9\u20132.6) While no notable difference was observed for France or the UK, there was a higher prevalence of last 12\u2010month NMU of benzodiazepines compared to GABA analogues in Italy (2.4 times higher) and Spain (3.0 times higher) and a higher prevalence of NMU of GABA analogues compared to benzodiazepines in Germany (2.6 times higher).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that there is variation in NMU of benzodiazepines and GABA analogues among countries. Of particular interest is the high incidence of GABA analogue NMU in Germany and benzodiazepine NMU in Spain. Further research to identify factors and motivations responsible for the higher prevalence observed are essential to inform public health policies in those countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T05:29:09Z","timestamp":1599283749000},"page":"1684-1694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Non\u2010medical use of benzodiazepines and GABA analogues in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-7598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Hockenhull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Amioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety Denver Health and Hospital Authority  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety Denver Health and Hospital Authority  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Forber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety Denver Health and Hospital Authority  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen M.","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety Denver Health and Hospital Authority  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Dart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety Denver Health and Hospital Authority  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7826-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul I.","family":"Dargan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.World Drug Report 2018. 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