{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:04:18Z","timestamp":1791947058369,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007543","name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 du M\u00e9dicament et des Produits de Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AAP\u20102017\u2010027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAP\u20102017\u2010027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, zolpidem has been the subject of numerous reports of misuse, abuse and dependence. In view of these risks, the French drug agency (ANSM) decreed in April 2017 the implementation of secure prescription pads. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of this regulatory measure on the prescription of zolpidem and other sedative medications (zopiclone, benzodiazepines and antihistamines) in long\u2010term users of zolpidem and associated factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a historical cohort study using data from the Generalist Sample of Beneficiaries (EGB). All patients aged over 18 years old who were long\u2010term users (at least 3 months) before the measure were enacted. We analysed the reimbursement trajectories of zolpidem, zopiclone, benzodiazepines and antihistamines (hydroxyzine and alimemazine) up to 2 years after the measure using a state sequence analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 2502 patients were analysed. A four\u2010cluster typology was identified: continuation of zolpidem (n = 1044, 42%), discontinuation of sedative medications (n = 766, 31%), change to zopiclone (n = 537, 21%) and change to hypnotic benzodiazepines (n = 155, 6%). The most frequently prescribed hypnotic benzodiazepine was lormetazepam. We identified age, sex, treatment for psychiatric or addictive disorder and volume of zolpidem use before the measure as factors associated with different reimbursement trajectories after the regulatory change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The regulatory change for zolpidem prescriptions reduced exposure to zolpidem among long\u2010term users and also had a broad impact on prescriptions of other sedative medications. Switching to other medications that also present a potential risk of abuse or dependence should be carefully monitored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T22:21:59Z","timestamp":1611872519000},"page":"3310-3319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Change in the regulatory framework for zolpidem: What is the impact on the landscape of the prescription of sedative medications? The French national ZORRO study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7386-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Istvan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"},{"name":"INSERM U1246 SPHERE \"methodS in Patient\u2010centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch\" Nantes and Tours University  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Caillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgane","family":"Rousselet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"},{"name":"INSERM U1246 SPHERE \"methodS in Patient\u2010centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch\" Nantes and Tours University  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryl\u00e8ne","family":"Guerlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7400-1212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edouard\u2010Jules","family":"Laforgue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"},{"name":"INSERM U1246 SPHERE \"methodS in Patient\u2010centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch\" Nantes and Tours University  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"G\u00e9rardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Jolliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"},{"name":"INSERM U1246 SPHERE \"methodS in Patient\u2010centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch\" Nantes and Tours University  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Feuillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1246 SPHERE \"methodS in Patient\u2010centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch\" Nantes and Tours University  Nantes France"},{"name":"Plateforme de M\u00e9thodologie et de Biostatistique, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes Nantes University Hospital  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Victorri\u2010Vigneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department Nantes University Hospital  France"},{"name":"INSERM U1246 SPHERE \"methodS in Patient\u2010centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch\" Nantes and Tours University  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"ANSM: Agence nationale de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du m\u00e9dicament et des produits de sant\u00e9. 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