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Although subjects with IPF often have a high cardiovascular (CV) risk profile, the occurrence of MI in nintedanib\u2010treated patients may not be fully explained by clustering of CV risk factors. Nintedanib inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet\u2010derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor pathways, which play important roles in the biology of the atherosclerotic plaque and in the response of the heart to ischaemia. Hence, unwanted CV effects may partly account for nintedanib\u2010related MI. 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