{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T07:28:14Z","timestamp":1773646094156,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000770","name":"University of Manchester","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the prescribing trajectory, geographical variation and population factors, including socioeconomic status (SES), related to prescribing gabapentinoids in primary care in England.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This ecological study applied practice\u2010level dispensing data and statistics from the UK National Health Service Digital and Office for National Statistics from 2013 to 2019. The prescribing of gabapentinoids (in defined daily doses [DDDs]\/1000 people) was measured annually and quarterly. General practices were categorised according to the quarterly prescribing in a group\u2010based trajectory model. The one\u2010year prescribing in 2018\/19 was associated with practice\u2010level covariates in a mixed\u2010effects multilevel regression, adjusted for the cluster\u2010effects of Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) and mapped geographically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The annual national prescription rate increased by 70% from 2800 to 4773 DDDs\/1000 people in the time period 2013\/14 to 2018\/19. General practices were stratified into six trajectory groups. Practices with the highest level and the greatest increase in prescribing (n\u2009=\u2009789; 9.8%) are mainly located in the north of England and along the east and south coastline. Socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics and relevant disease conditions were significantly associated with the prescribing. For every decrease in the Index of Multiple Deprivation decile (becoming less affluent), prescribing of gabapentinoids increased significantly by 203 (95% CI: 183\u2013222) DDDs\/1000 registrants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gabapentinoid prescribing trajectories varied across geographical regions and are associated with socioeconomic status, CCG locality (geography) and other population characteristics. These factors should be considered in future studies investigating the determinants of gabapentinoid prescribing and the risk of harms associated with gabapentinoids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:36:55Z","timestamp":1616161015000},"page":"4001-4012","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Investigating the prescribing trajectory and geographical drug utilisation patterns of gabapentinoids in primary care in England: An ecological study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2202-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinchun","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester M13 9PT UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9491-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teng\u2010Chou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester M13 9PT UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting\u2010Li","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester  Manchester M13 9PL UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8917-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Steinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester M13 9PT UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6158-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li\u2010Chia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester M13 9PT UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Joint Formulary Committee.BNF 76 (British National Formulary) September 2018\u2013March 2019.London:Pharmaceutical Press;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12358"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen19X101662"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4997\/JRCPE.2017.402"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics.Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2017 registrations.https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales\/2017registrations. 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