{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T09:08:11Z","timestamp":1784106491711,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral contraceptives (OC)s are commonly used worldwide. In a recent study, we showed that the use of OCs is associated with an increased risk for neutropenia. We aimed to investigate the clinical implications of this finding by examining the infection rates of 4 serious infections before, during and after OCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective cohort study using the electronic medical records of a large health organization. We selected 2 retrospective cohorts of women aged 16\u201340 between years 2005 and 2019. The first cohort examined infection rates during 2 years before OC use and 2 consecutive years of adherent OC use. The second cohort included women who consumed OCs adherently for 2\u2009years and then discontinued their use for 2 consecutive years. Women's infection rates were compared by \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> test, results were stratified by OC type and age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 21\u2009595 and 20\u2009728 women were included in Cohorts 1 and 2 respectively. We found a statistically significant higher relative risk for infection while using OCs; the overall risk ratios (95% confidence intervals) for infection in Cohorts 1 and 2 were 1.35 (1.32\u20131.38) and 1.27 (1.24\u20131.31), respectively. The overall infection risk remained statistically significant when stratified by age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates a high statistically and clinically significant risk for all infections followed during OC consumption, which is likely to have major clinical and economic implications. These findings may have implications to millions of women worldwide and should lead to more research on the safety of the pill.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T04:10:08Z","timestamp":1621570208000},"page":"4241-4251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between oral contraceptives and serious infections: A population\u2010based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Yael Shalev","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hila","family":"Shalev Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shai","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Chodick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maccabi Healthcare Services  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gideon","family":"Koren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ariel University  Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"US medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Curtis KM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"Current contraceptive status among women aged 15\u201344: United States, 2011\u20132013","author":"Daniels K","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-019-00818-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14750"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NIB-2012-012039"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Estrogen in autoimmunity: expression of estrogen receptors in thymic and autoimmune T cells","volume":"2","author":"T\u00f6rnwall J","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gender\u2010Specific Med: JGSM"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.12.6936"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02155-8_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.6.1139"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5969.473"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(79)90069-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"Scanes C.G. 2011. 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