{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:45:29Z","timestamp":1793295929742,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to investigate the association between hormonal contraceptive (HC) use and the incidence of glaucoma in females of reproductive age with a focus on duration and type of HCs used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective cohort study with a case\u2013control analysis (nested case\u2013control) was undertaken using data from IQVIA's electronic medical record (IQVIA, USA) from 2008 to 2018. Within a cohort of 4\u2009871\u2009504 women, cases of glaucoma or ocular hypertension were identified. Subjects were followed to the first diagnosis of glaucoma. Each glaucoma case was matched to four controls by age, body mass index and follow up time. The main outcome measure was the first diagnosis of glaucoma defined by the first ICD\u20109\/10 code for glaucoma or ocular hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 4\u2009871\u2009504 women identified, there were 2366 cases of glaucoma and 9464 controls. Regular users of hormonal contraceptives had an elevated risk of glaucoma compared to non\u2010users with an adjusted incident rate ratio (aIRR) of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.29\u20131.92). Current users were of greatest risk (aIRR of 2.38, 95% CI: 1.81\u20133.13), whereas the aIRR among past users was 1.08 (95% CI: 0.82\u20131.43). The aIRR for glaucoma increased from 0.82 (95% CI: 0.70\u20130.95) among those with one or two prescriptions in the 2\u2009years prior to the first diagnosis of glaucoma to 1.54 (95% CI: 1.32\u20131.81) among those with greater than four prescriptions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This nested case\u2013control study demonstrated an elevated risk, albeit low, of glaucoma in females of reproductive age who use regular hormonal contraception. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T04:04:41Z","timestamp":1624421081000},"page":"4780-4785","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The association between hormonal contraceptive use and glaucoma in women of reproductive age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Hogden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Mikelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Sodhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzin","family":"Khosrow\u2010Khavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Mansournia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Kezouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4628-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahyar","family":"Etminan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medicine and Pharmacology University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"887","article-title":"Glaucoma is second leading cause of blindness globally","volume":"82","author":"Kingman S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1611-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division.Contraceptive Use by Method2019. 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