{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:45:06Z","timestamp":1789688706443,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.81371511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.81371511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Propofol may result in hypotension, bradycardia and loss of protective reflexes, especially in elderly patients, while esketamine, a N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor antagonist, has analgesic, anaesthetic and sympathomimetic properties and is known to cause less cardiorespiratory depression. We hypothesized that esketamine may reduce the median effective concentration (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of propofol and coadministration is less likely to produce hypotension during gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety elderly patients, aged 65\u201389\u2009years, undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomly assigned into 3 groups: SK0 (control) group (0\u2009mg\/kg esketamine); SK0.25 group (0.25\u2009mg\/kg esketamine); and SK0.5 group (0.5\u2009mg\/kg esketamine). Anaesthesia was achieved by plasma target\u2010controlled infusion of propofol with different bolus doses of esketamine. The EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy was determined by using the up\u2010and\u2010down method of Dixon. The initial plasma target concentration is 2.5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL and the adjacent concentration gradient is 0.5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. Cardiovascular variables were also measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Propofol EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s and its 95% confidence interval for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients were 3.69 (2.59\u20134.78), 2.45 (1.85\u20133.05) and 1.71 (1.15\u20132.27) \u03bcg\/mL in the SK0, SK0.25 and SK0.5 groups, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The average percent change from baseline mean arterial pressure was \u221219.7 (7.55), \u221215.2 (7.14) and \u221210.1 (6.73), in the SK0, SK0.25 and SK0.5 groups, respectively (<jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combination medication of propofol with esketamine reduced the propofol EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> during gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients compared with administration of propofol without esketamine. Increasing doses of SK with propofol are less likely to produce hypotension with shorter recovery time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T21:54:00Z","timestamp":1631138040000},"page":"1279-1287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The median effective concentration of propofol with different doses of esketamine during gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital of Shanghai University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital of Shanghai University of Shanghai for Science and 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