{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:02:44Z","timestamp":1790488964945,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Growing evidence suggests an association between the use of sedative\u2010hypnotic medications and risk of dementia. The aim of this study is to examine this association using a meta\u2010analysis approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>MEDLINE (PubMed) and Scopus were systematically searched for studies published in English only. The quality of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle\u2010Ottawa scale, and an overall odds ratio was pooled using a random\u2010effects model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 35 articles were included in the analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) for dementia from all records were (OR; 1.33, 95% CI 1.19\u20131.49) for benzodiazepine (BZD) combined use (Subgroup\u20101), (OR: 1.46, 95% CI 1.23\u20131.73) for short\u2010acting BZD use (Subgroup\u20102), (OR: 1.72, 95% CI 1.48\u20131.99) for long\u2010acting BZD use (Subgroup\u20103), (OR: 1.13, 95% CI 0.97\u20131.32) for BZDs without specification of duration of action (Subgroup\u20104), (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.13\u20132.38) for the combined BZDs and Z\u2010drugs, (OR: 1.43, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.74) for Z\u2010drugs only, (OR: 1.14, 95% CI 0.88\u20131.46) for antidepressant use, (OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.68\u20131.39) for antipsychotic use and (OR: 0.98, 95% CI 0.85\u20131.13) for anticonvulsant use. When sensitivity analysis was performed, association between overall use of BZDs and short\u2010acting BZDs with the increased risk of dementia disappeared after exclusion of studies that were not adjusted for age covariate (OR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.0\u20131.44) and (OR: 1.22, 95% CI 0.75\u20132.01), respectively. Adjustment for protopathic bias by introduction of a lag period showed no evidence of increased risk of dementia with the use of BZDs (Subgroup\u20101) (OR: 1.14, 95% CI 0.82\u20131.58), Z\u2010drugs (OR: 1.29, 95% CI 0.78\u20132.13), and combined BZDs and Z\u2010drugs (OR: 1.51, 95% CI 0.91\u20132.53). Combined use of BZDs and Z\u2010drugs showed more positive association when only studies of non\u2010user design were analysed (OR: 2.75, 95% CI 2.23\u20133.39).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All the investigated sedative\u2010hypnotics showed no association with increased risk of dementia except for BZDs. However, the observed association with BZDs did not persist after exclusion of studies with potential reverse causation and confounding by indication. Therefore, this association needs to be assessed carefully in future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T16:17:08Z","timestamp":1634919428000},"page":"1567-1589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Use of sedative\u2010hypnotic medications and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"AlDawsari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Ministry of Health AlKharj Maternity and Children Hospital  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor J.","family":"Bushell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouf","family":"Abutheraa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzo","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7957-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Al Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy King Faisal University  Hofuf Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanj","family":"Kurdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy Hawler Medical University  Erbil Iraq"},{"name":"Division of Public Health and Pharmacy Management, School of Pharmacy SefakoMakgatho Health Sciences University  South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00769-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-1709172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jEUROSCI.0503-19.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.2334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"British National Formulary","author":"British Medical Association, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i90"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0319-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127836"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000454881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation.Covidence systematic review software [Internet]. 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