{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:15:37Z","timestamp":1789103737989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypokalaemia is a potentially life\u2010threatening adverse event of flucloxacillin with unknown incidence. The risk of flucloxacillin\u2010induced hypokalaemia has recently been suggested to be increased among females compared to males. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence and to determine the influence of sex and other risk factors on flucloxacillin\u2010induced hypokalaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective single\u2010centre cohort study was performed. Patients treated with intravenous flucloxacillin for &gt;24\u2009hours between January 2017 and October 2020, a baseline potassium level of \u22653.5\u00a0mmol\/L and potassium measurement during treatment were included. The primary endpoint was incidence of hypokalaemia defined as the percentage of patients with a potassium measurement &lt;3.5\u2009mmol\/L during flucloxacillin treatment. Logistic regression modelling was used to establish risk factors for hypokalaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 835 patients were included, 58.2% male and median age 71.0\u00a0years (interquartile range 61.0\u201081.0). The incidence of hypokalaemia was 23.7% (28.4% in females <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 20.4% in males). A dose\u2010dependent relation between sex and the incidence of hypokalaemia was found. The risk of hypokalaemia was 4.41 (95% confidence interval 1.47\u201013.24) times higher in females compared to males when receiving a flucloxacillin dose of &gt;8\u00a0g\/24\u2009h. No sex differences were found for lower daily doses. Other risk factors for hypokalaemia were older age, concomitant antibiotic use, lower bodyweight, lower baseline plasma potassium concentration and longer treatment duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypokalaemia is a frequent complication in patients treated with intravenous flucloxacillin. Females receiving &gt;8\u00a0g intravenous flucloxacillin per day are more prone to develop hypokalaemia compared to males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T02:05:28Z","timestamp":1642730728000},"page":"2938-2945","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hypokalaemia in patients treated with intravenous flucloxacillin: Incidence and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5062-977X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiel","family":"Leegwater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Haga Teaching Hospital  The Hague The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Hague Hospital Pharmacy  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette C.","family":"Westgeest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Haga Teaching Hospital  The Hague The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile F.","family":"Schippers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Haga Teaching Hospital  The Hague The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik B.","family":"Wilms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Haga Teaching Hospital  The Hague The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Hague Hospital Pharmacy  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cees","family":"van Nieuwkoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Haga Teaching Hospital  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loes E.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Haga Teaching Hospital  The Hague The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Erasmus MC  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808133390707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-018-6783-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2018.1439274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5630.550"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"The behavior of carbenicillin as a nonreabsorbable anion","volume":"86","author":"Lipner HI","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Intrapharm Laboratories Limited.Flucloxacillin 1000 mg powder for solution for injection or infusion 2021. 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