{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:14:45Z","timestamp":1786947285908,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary aim was to compare concentrations of psychoactive substances in blood in non\u2010fatal and fatal opioid overdoses. The secondary aim was to assess the concentration levels of naloxone in blood in non\u2010fatal overdoses and the association between naloxone findings and concomitantly detected drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case\u2010control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Norway. Fatal overdoses from 2017 and non\u2010fatal overdoses from February 2018 to September 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Cases<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010one non\u2010fatal and 160 fatal opioid overdose cases. Data from the non\u2010fatal overdoses were collected from hospital records and blood samples, and data from the fatal overdoses were collected from autopsy reports. Concentrations of psychoactive substances (including ethanol) in blood samples were collected at the time of hospital admission for the non\u2010fatal overdoses and during autopsy for the fatal overdoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median number of different substances detected was four for fatal and five for non\u2010fatal overdoses. The fatal overdoses had higher pooled concentrations of opioids (188 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 57.2\u2009ng\/mL, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), benzodiazepines (5467 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 2051\u2009ng\/mL, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.005) and amphetamines (581 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 121\u2009ng\/mL, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) than the non\u2010fatal overdoses. A linear relationship between naloxone and concomitant pooled opioid concentrations was found (95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.002\u20100.135, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total load of drug concentrations was associated with the fatal outcome of an overdose, while the number of drugs used, to a lesser extent, differentiated between those who survived and those who died from an overdose. Higher opioid concentrations were associated with treatment with higher naloxone doses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T05:44:01Z","timestamp":1650951841000},"page":"4494-4504","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Concentrations of psychoactive substances in blood samples from non\u2010fatal and fatal opioid overdoses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7532-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilde Marie Er\u00f8y","family":"Edvardsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Aamodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Substance Use Disorder Treatment Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8497-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stig Tore","family":"Bogstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8250-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Krajci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Substance Use Disorder Treatment Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3549-3023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vigdis","family":"Vindenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eline Borger","family":"Rognli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/c8bbbf82-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. 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