{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:09:58Z","timestamp":1792091398591,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several observational studies have examined the potential protective effect of angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE\u2010I) use on the risk of age\u2010related macular degeneration (AMD) and have reported contradictory results owing to confounding and time\u2010related biases. We aimed to assess the risk of AMD in a base cohort of patients aged 40\u2009years and above with hypertension among new users of ACE\u2010I compared to an active comparator cohort of new users of calcium channel blockers (CCB) using data obtained from IQVIA Medical Research Data, a primary care database in the UK.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 53\u2009832 and 43\u2009106 new users of ACE\u2010I and CCB were included between 1995 and 2019, respectively. In an on\u2010treatment analysis, patients were followed up from the time of index drug initiation to the date of AMD diagnosis, loss to follow\u2010up, discontinuation or switch to the comparator drug. A comprehensive range of covariates were used to estimate propensity scores to weight and match new users of ACE\u2010I and CCB. Standardized mortality ratio weighted Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios of developing AMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During a median follow\u2010up of 2\u00a0years (interquartile range 1\u20135\u00a0years), the incidence rate of AMD was 2.4 (95% confidence interval 2.2\u20132.6) and 2.2 (2.0\u20132.4) per 1000 person\u2010years among the weighted new users of ACE\u2010I and CCB, respectively. There was no association of ACE\u2010I use on the risk of AMD compared to CCB use in either the propensity score weighted or matched, on\u2010treatment analysis (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.07 [95% confidence interval 0.90\u20131.27] and 0.87 [0.71\u20131.07], respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found no evidence that the use of ACE\u2010I is associated with risk of AMD in patients with hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T07:06:08Z","timestamp":1651043168000},"page":"4199-4210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors and risk of age\u2010related macular degeneration in individuals with hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8875-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradhaa","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasanee","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"The School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and The School of Life Course Sciences Kings College London  London UK"},{"name":"The Medical Eye Unit Guy's and St Thomas' NHS 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