{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:57:32Z","timestamp":1790873852392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing interest in the psychiatric properties of the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine, as single doses have been shown to have fast\u2010acting mood\u2010enhancing and anxiolytic effects, which persist for up to a week after the main psychoactive symptoms have diminished. Therefore, ketamine poses potential beneficial effects in patients with refractory anxiety disorders, where other conventional anxiolytics have been ineffective. Ketamine is a noncompetitive antagonist of the <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor, which underlies its induction of pain relief and anaesthesia. However, the role of NMDA receptors in anxiety reduction is still relatively unknown. To fill this paucity in the literature, this systematic review assesses the evidence that ketamine significantly reduces refractory anxiety and discusses to what extent this may be mediated by NMDA receptor antagonism and other receptors. We highlight the temporary nature of the anxiolytic effects and discuss the high discrepancy among the study designs regarding many fundamental factors such as administration routes, complementary treatments and other treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T06:53:23Z","timestamp":1651733603000},"page":"4412-4426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Ketamine treatment for refractory anxiety: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3049-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Tully","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia D.","family":"Dahl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Uppsala  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor J.","family":"Haggarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Behavioral Pharmacology Lab, Biological Sciences Division University of Chicago  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helgi B.","family":"Schi\u00f6th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Uppsala  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"612\u2010627","article-title":"Ketamine: 50 years of modulating the mind","volume":"29","author":"Li L","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01116-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201812032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199704000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006\u20103223(99)00230\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30102-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3010019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.22.4.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15040465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852919001238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22895"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05650blu"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014\u20102999(90)90204\u2010J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125320916657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000149"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"57\u201058","article-title":"Ketamine in the past, present, and future: Mechanisms, metabolites, and toxicity","volume":"25","author":"Schwenk ES","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.657714"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Anxiety and Depression Association of America [internet]:ADAA; [2020]. 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