{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T05:00:15Z","timestamp":1784350815157,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>New topical agents have been developed for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in recent years. This systematic review is intended to synthesize the clinical trial literature and concisely report the updated safety and adverse effects of topical medications used to treat atopic dermatitis in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search of Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> from inception to March 2022 was conducted for trials of topical medications used to treat AD in patients &lt;18\u2009years (PROSPERO #CRD42022315355). Included records were limited to English\u2010language publications and studies of \u22653\u00a0weeks duration. Phase 1 studies and those that lacked separate paediatric safety reporting were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 5005 records were screened; 75 records met inclusion criteria with 15\u2009845 paediatric patients treated with tacrolimus, 12\u2009851 treated with pimecrolimus, 3539 with topical corticosteroid (TCS), 700 with crisaborole and 202 with delgocitinib. Safety data was well reported in tacrolimus trials with the most frequently reported adverse events being burning sensation, pruritus and cutaneous infections. Two longitudinal cohort studies were included, one for tacrolimus and one for pimecrolimus, which found no significant increased risk of malignancy with topical calcineurin inhibitor (TCI) use in children. Skin atrophy was identified as an adverse event in TCS trials, which other medications did not. Systemic adverse events for the medications were largely common childhood ailments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data discussed here support the use of steroid\u2010sparing medications (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, crisaborole, delgocitinib) as safe options with minimal adverse events for managing paediatric AD, although a larger number of TCI studies reported burning and pruritus compared to TCS studies. TCS was the only medication class associated with reports of skin atrophy in this review. The tolerability of these adverse events should be considered when treating young children. This review was limited to English\u2010language publications and the variable safety reporting of trial investigators. 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