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A 90\u2010day moving average prescribed opioid dose in oral morphine equivalents was used to estimate opioid dosage. A Markov transition matrix was used to describe how patients prescribed medications transitioned between opioid dose groups and other nonopioid treatment options during 3 transition periods: transition between 2 control periods prior to PDMP implementation (T1 to T2); during the voluntary PDMP implementation (T2 to T3); and during mandatory PDMP implementation (T3 to T4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among patients prescribed opioids in our study, we noted an increased probability of transitioning to not being prescribed opioids during the mandatory PDMP period (T3 to T4). This increase was attributed mainly to the ceasing of low\u2010dose opioid prescribing. Membership in an opioid dose group remained relatively stable for most patients who were prescribed high opioid doses. For those who were only prescribed nonmonitored medications initially, the probability of being prescribed opioids increased during the mandatory PDMP when compared to other transition periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The introduction of PDMP mandates appeared to have an impact on the prescribing for patients who were prescribed low\u2010dose opioids, while its impact on individuals prescribed higher opioid doses was comparatively limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T07:13:58Z","timestamp":1706944438000},"page":"1162-1172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of state\u2010level prescription drug monitoring program implementation with opioid prescribing transitions in primary care in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Picco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachelle","family":"Buchbinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Health and Sustainable Health Care Units, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romi","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Health and Sustainable Health Care Units, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"ChrzanowskaA ManN DegenhardtL DobbinsT PeacockA.Trends in drug\u2010related hospitalisations in Australia 1999\u20132019. 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