{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:10:42Z","timestamp":1787163042919,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Suomen Kulttuurirahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00160447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00160447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both effective analgesia and early breastfeeding play an important role in maternal and neonatal well\u2010being after Caesarean delivery. We studied controlled\u2010release oxycodone tablet treatment for postoperative pain management and determined the excretion of oxycodone into breast milk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled\u2010release oxycodone\/naloxone 10\/5\u2010mg tablets (n\u2009=\u200921) or controlled\u2010release oxycodone 10\u2010mg tablets (n\u2009=\u200922) were administered to mothers twice a day for the first 3\u00a0days after elective Caesarean delivery as a part of multimodal analgesia. Maternal plasma and breast milk samples were collected daily. Oxycodone, noroxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxymorphone concentrations were analysed with ultra\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry. Maternal pain intensity was recorded with an 11\u2010point Numeric Rating Scale (0\u201010). Neonatal oxycodone exposure was estimated by simulating five different exposure scenarios, including the highest possible exposure through breast milk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean oxycodone and noroxycodone milk\u2010to\u2010maternal plasma ratios were 3.2 and 3.0, respectively. A strong correlation was found between plasma and breast milk oxycodone (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.87) and noroxycodone concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.91). In the simulated highest neonatal exposure scenario, the neonate's maximum plasma concentration was estimated to be 5.4\u00a0ng\/mL and the estimated weight\u2010adjusted infant oxycodone dose was less than 10% of the maternal dose. Pain intensities were similarly low between the two treatment groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The oxycodone dose received from colostrum and breast milk during the first three postoperative days after Caesarean delivery is assumed safe for healthy, term neonates, but in extreme cases it is possible for the neonate to receive a dose through breast milk that may elicit opioid effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.16008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T01:59:04Z","timestamp":1706925544000},"page":"1183-1192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Breast milk oxycodone concentrations in mothers given oxycodone for post\u2010Caesarean delivery pain management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Aino","family":"Pesonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8930-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriikka","family":"Hakom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5922-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannu","family":"Kokki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veli\u2010Pekka","family":"Ranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2703-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valtteri","family":"Rinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Admescope (Symeres Finland oy)  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1501-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merja","family":"Kokki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404\u2010019\u201005260\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.06.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013\u20101985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.5.F380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010016\u20100876\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"PubChem. 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