{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:31:50Z","timestamp":1790195510900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> deficiency is common in the elderly population. Standard treatment via intramuscular injections, however, has several disadvantages. Safer and more convenient dosage forms such as intranasal are therefore being explored. This study compares the effects of two intranasal vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> dosage regimens in elderly vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\u2010deficient patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty patients \u226565\u2009years were randomly assigned to either a loading dose (daily administration for 14\u2009days followed by weekly administration) or a no loading dose (administration every 3\u2009days) regimen for 90\u2009days. Each dose contained 1000 \u03bcg cobalamin. Total vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>, holotranscoblamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels in serum were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both dosage regimens resulted in a rapid increase of vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> and holoTC concentrations and normalization of initial high, MMA and tHcy concentrations. The loading dose regimen resulted in the fastest and greatest increase to a median vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> of 1090\u2009pmol\/L (reference 350\u2010650\u2009pmol\/L) concentration after 14\u2009days. Following weekly administration, B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> rapidly decreased to a median concentration of 530\u2009pmol\/L after 90\u2009days. The no loading dose regimen resulted in a steady increase to a median vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> of 717\u2009pmol\/L after 90\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intranasal vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> administration is an effective and suitable way to replenish and sustain vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> levels in elderly patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.16084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T11:05:20Z","timestamp":1715771120000},"page":"1975-1983","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intranasal vitamin B<sub>12<\/sub> administration in elderly patients: A randomized controlled comparison of two dosage regimens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique P. H.","family":"Tillemans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Foundation of Haarlem Hospitals  Haarlem The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Spaarne Gasthuis Hospital  Haarlem The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thijs J.","family":"Giezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Foundation of Haarlem Hospitals  Haarlem The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Spaarne Gasthuis Hospital  Haarlem The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology &amp; Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toine C. G.","family":"Egberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology &amp; Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan H.","family":"Hooijberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Atalmedial Medical Laboratories  Haarlem The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees J.","family":"Kalisvaart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis  Haarlem The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512004175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753\u20104887.2010.00346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.039511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592\u2010014\u20100661\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103999(00)00158\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3283505852"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004655.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9247460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102125.1998.00642.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Par Pharmaceutical Companies Inc.Nascobal Cyanocobalamin Nasal Spray.FDA.:2\u20104. doi:10.1016\/B978\u20100\u20107020\u20104084\u20109.00040\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2016.00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103956(75)90026\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318186bd67"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"S21","article-title":"The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2019\/20: G protein\u2010coupled receptors","volume":"176","author":"Alexander SPH","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJCP"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v92.4.1191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030923"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.04.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2003.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm\u20102014\u20100784"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603\u2010017\u20100911\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9834181"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcp.16084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1722333174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcp.16084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcp.16084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.16084","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]}}}