{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:59:48Z","timestamp":1792166388659,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The alcohols methanol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol share many characteristics. The most important is that the compounds themselves are relatively nontoxic but are metabolized, initially by alcohol dehydrogenase, to various toxic intermediates. These compounds are readily available worldwide in commercial products as well as in homemade alcoholic beverages, both of which lead to most of the poisonings, from either unintentional or intentional ingestion. Although relatively infrequent, toxic alcohol poisonings do unfortunately occur in outbreaks and can result in severe morbidity and mortality. These poisonings have traditionally been treated with ethanol since it competes for the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase and decreases the formation of toxic metabolites. Although ethanol can be an effective antidote, there are substantial practical problems with its use. Therefore fomepizole, a potent competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, was developed for a hopefully better treatment for metabolically toxic alcohol poisonings. Fomepizole has few side effects and is easy to use in practice and it may obviate the need for haemodialysis in some, but not all, patients. Hence, fomepizole has largely replaced ethanol as the toxic alcohol antidote in many countries. Nevertheless, ethanol remains an important alternative because access to fomepizole can be limited, the cost may appear excessive or the physician may prefer ethanol due to experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.16232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1725519284000},"page":"662-671","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antidotes for poisoning by alcohols that form toxic metabolites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"McMartin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology &amp; Neuroscience Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2013Shreveport  Shreveport Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Medicine, Division of Medicine Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"The National Poison Information Centre National Institute of Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut Erik","family":"Hovda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Medicine, Division of Medicine Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"The National Poison Information Centre National Institute of Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12937"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472\u20106904\u20109\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1086488"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650903344793"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.344"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.454"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.6987"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1056880"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134\u2010004\u20102373\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.6.586"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT\u201058936"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2015.1066847"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.987397"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2023.2268981"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102796.2005.01521.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650600956329"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.974106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(05)73469\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT\u2010120018267"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdu038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Substance abuse and homeless: mass methanol poisoning in Khartoum","volume":"48","author":"AbdulRahim FAA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sudan Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054\u2010020\u201003140\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659209017942"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580247801800402"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000255"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2009.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.15.1175"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.049965"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7209a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467\u2010023\u201006157\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954\u20106820.1982.tb03160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20109343(88)90024\u20101"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","first-page":"801","article-title":"Acute methyl alcohol poisoning. (A review of an outbreak of 89 cases)","volume":"16","author":"Krishnamurthi MV","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650903086444"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0806112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr204"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041\u2010008X(78)90040\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954\u20106820.1984.tb05026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr197"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT\u2010120006745"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102445"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903183401102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659309000375"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)90218-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.23.5.433"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Osmolal gap in alcoholic ketoacidosis","volume":"48","author":"Almaghamsi AM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010113\u20108\u2010580"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u201098\u20104\u2010481"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Predictive value of serum osmolality in shock following major trauma","volume":"21","author":"Boyd DR","year":"1970","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719401300212"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2019.1672086"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq167"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)12628-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000457865"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954\u20106820.1982.tb03161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792\u2010198109000\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659109038616"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Standardized treatment of severe methanol poisoning with ethanol and hemodialysis","volume":"142","author":"Ekins BR","year":"1985","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Acute experimental poisoning by diethylene glycol: acid base balance and histological data in male rats","volume":"1","author":"Hebert JL","year":"1978","journal-title":"Toxicol Eur Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198101013040105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196\u20100644(95)70152\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110\u2010200209000\u201000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90738-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20109343(78)90513\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272\u20106386(97)90318\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.7.1774"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525\u20101594.1999.06248.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.23\u20100892"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102944(75)90171\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)05965-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003\u20109861(80)90318\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378\u20104274(87)90220\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272\u20106386(00)70270\u20108"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Intravenous 4\u2010methylpyrazole as an antidote for diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol poisoning: a case report","volume":"39","author":"Borron SW","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000032498.65787.8D"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00562552"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.683197"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701373796"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181\u2010021\u201000862\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102083440605"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719601500606"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2021.1980581"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000708"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327108095992"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134\u2010004\u20102521\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2016.1250901"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613\u2010017\u20100300\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1059946"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340101011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP64190"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.590140"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","first-page":"2444","article-title":"Severe ethylene glycol poisoning treated wtih fomepizole (4\u2010methylpyrazole)","volume":"122","author":"Aakervik O","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181\u2010010\u20100061\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.08.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270008327142"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.728224"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2015.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT\u2010120019131"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.495347"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.4.e77"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659709001191"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Inhalational methanol toxicity in pregnancy treated twice with fomepizole","volume":"45","author":"Velez LI","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.716518"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT\u2010120037424"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(99)80015\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.07.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/638057"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","unstructured":"WHO.Essential Medicines List 2013.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/93142\/EML_18_en;jsessionid=5870E6FFF9F0DAD6D25435F271993EB7?sequence=1Accessed August 23 2024."}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcp.16232","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:18:17Z","timestamp":1741753097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcp.16232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcp.16232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.16232","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}