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Patients aged 5\u201330\u2009years were exposed to one or more psychotropic medications (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications, antihistamines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, other antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, hypnotics\/sedatives). Annual incidences, trends and mean incidences of cardiac events (cardiac arrest, arrhythmias, fainting\/collapse, sudden death) and recurrent events were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among those exposed (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009875\u2009430, 2\u2009647\u2009957 patient\u2010years, 55% female), 26\u2009750 cardiac events were identified. The mean annual incidence of cardiac events and first\u2010ever events were 0.99% and 0.80%, respectively, showing significant upward annual trends of 4.26% and 2.48%, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001). The highest incidences were among females aged 15\u201319\u2009years (1.50%) and those exposed to polypharmacy (1.63%), anxiolytics (1.53%) or antihistamines (1.27%). The mean annual incidences of cardiac arrest and arrythmias, for both sexes, were 0.01% and 0.51%, respectively. Fainting\/collapse accounted for about half of all events, occurring more often in females. The pattern of rising annual incidence remained after excluding fainting\/collapse. In all, 21.1% of events were recurrent. Death, including sudden death, occurred in 13 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean annual incidence of cardiac events among young patients receiving psychopharmacological treatment was low, 0.99%, with an upward trend of 4.26% annually. Incidence was highest in adolescent females and patients exposed to polypharmacy. Our study highlights the need for more knowledge regarding the possible association between exposure to psychopharmacological treatment and cardiac events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.16321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T03:34:22Z","timestamp":1729827262000},"page":"817-828","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Incidence and trend of cardiac events among children and young adults exposed to psychopharmacological treatment (2006\u20132018): A nationwide register\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0191-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howaida","family":"Elmowafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny M.","family":"Kindblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Treatment Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Halldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gyllenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adolescent Psychiatry Helsinki University Hospital  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre for Child Psychiatry and INVEST\u2010flagship University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Naumburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.43597"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.282"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010021\u201001179\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9040389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467\u2010005\u20102051\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808323523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028013501994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.001568"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Chu A","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010021\u201005809\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1258"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034\u2010017\u20100192\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215\u20100366(18)30293\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"Socialstyrelsen Statistical Database.In\u2010patient Care Diagnoses.https:\/\/sdb.socialstyrelsen.se\/if_par\/resultat.aspx. 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