{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:26:25Z","timestamp":1777422385081,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]],"date-time":"2013-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>King cobra (<jats:italic>Ophiophagus hannah<\/jats:italic>) venom <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010amino acid oxidase (LAAO), a heat\u2010stable enzyme, is an extremely potent antiproliferative agent against cancer cells when compared with LAAO isolated from other snake venoms. King cobra venom LAAO was shown to exhibit very strong antiproliferative activities against MCF\u20107 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells, with an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value of 0.04\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.00 and 0.05\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.00\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, after 72\u2010hr treatment. In comparison, its cytotoxicity was about 3\u20134 times lower when tested against human non\u2010tumourigenic breast (184B5) and lung (NL 20) cells, suggesting selective antitumour activity. Furthermore, its potency in MCF\u20107 and A549 cell lines was greater than the effects of doxorubicin, a clinically established cancer chemotherapeutic agent, which showed an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value of 0.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03 and 0.63\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.21\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, against the two cell lines. The selective cytotoxic action of the LAAO was confirmed by phycoerythrin (PE) annexin V\/7\u2010amino\u2010actinomycin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAD<\/jats:styled-content>) apoptotic assay, in which a significant increase in apoptotic cells was observed in LAAO\u2010treated tumour cells than in their non\u2010tumourigenic counterparts. The ability of LAAO to induce apoptosis in tumour cells was further demonstrated using caspase\u20103\/7 and DNA fragmentation assays. We also determined that this enzyme may target oxidative stress in its killing of tumour cells, as its cytotoxicity was significantly reduced in the presence of catalase (a H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> scavenger). In view of its heat stability and selective and potent cytotoxic action on cancer cells, king cobra venom LAAO can be potentially developed for treating solid tumours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T01:56:14Z","timestamp":1381542974000},"page":"336-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Antiproliferative Activity of King Cobra (<i>Ophiophagus hannah<\/i>) Venom <scp>l<\/scp>\u2010Amino Acid Oxidase"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Mui","family":"Li Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CENAR and Department of Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine 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