{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:40:07Z","timestamp":1772160007967,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]],"date-time":"2016-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sedation can increase patient comfort during spinal anaesthesia. Understanding the relationship between the propofol effect\u2010site concentration (Ce) and patient sedation level could help clinicians achieve the desired sedation level with minimal side effects. We aimed to model the relationship between the propofol Ce and adequate and deep sedation and also incorporate covariates. Thirty patients scheduled for orthopaedic surgery received spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine. Propofol was administered via an effect\u2010site target\u2010controlled infusion device using the Schnider pharmacokinetic model. The pharmacodynamic models for both adequate sedation [Observer's Assessment of Alertness\/Sedation (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OAA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/S) scores of 3\u20134] and deep sedation (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OAA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/S scores of 1\u20132) were developed using nonlinear mixed\u2010effects modelling. Increments in the propofol Ce were associated with increased depths of sedation. In the basic model, the estimated population Ce\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for adequate and deep sedation were 0.94 and 1.52 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively. The inclusion of the patient's age and sensory block level for adequate sedation and of age for deep sedation as covariates significantly improved the basic model by decreasing the objective function's minimum value from 10696.72 to 10677.92 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0003). The simulated Ce\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for adequate sedation in 20\u2010year\u2010old patients with a T\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    sensory level and in 80\u2010year\u2010old patients with a T\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    level were 1.63 and 0.53 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively. Both age and sensory block level should be considered for adequate sedation, and the propofol concentration should be reduced for elderly patients with a high spinal block to avoid unnecessarily deep levels of sedation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]],"date-time":"2015-11-27T04:28:18Z","timestamp":1448598498000},"page":"480-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modelling of the Sedative Effects of Propofol in Patients undergoing Spinal Anaesthesia: A Pharmacodynamic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Go Un","family":"Roh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngsoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Kyung Hee University School of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Hee","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Pain Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyu Hee","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Woo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Pain Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul 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