{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:16:02Z","timestamp":1791357362579,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fenethylline is a theophylline derivative of amphetamine having stimulant effects similar to those of other amphetamine\u2010type derivatives. Fenethylline was used as medicament for hyperactivity disorders in children, narcolepsy and depression, but it has also been used as a drug of abuse under the common name of \u2018captagon\u2019. Unlike other drugs of abuse, the clandestine synthesis of fenethylline is simple, using inexpensive laboratory instrumentation and raw materials legal to obtain. A review of all the existing knowledge of fenethylline is reported, concerning its chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology and toxicology, legislation, its prevalence and use as drug of abuse, as well as its analysis in biological or seized samples. Published or reported captagon\u2010related cases and seizures are also presented. All the reviewed information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the Internet. The primary drug market for fenethylline (as captagon) has traditionally been countries located on the Arabian Peninsula but also North Africa since 2013. In Arab countries, millions of captagon tablets are seized every year which represents one\u2010third of global amphetamines seizures within a year. Furthermore, three of four patients treated for drug problems in Saudi Arabia are addicted to amphetamines, almost exclusively in the form of captagon. Significant information on fenethylline is provided for pharmacologists, toxicologists and forensic pathologists. Fenethylline, although old, has recently been introduced to the drug market, especially in Arab countries. Continuous community alertness is needed to tackle this current growing phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T02:24:38Z","timestamp":1458699878000},"page":"133-140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Fenethylline (Captagon) Abuse \u2013 Local Problems from an Old Drug Become Universal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Katselou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Papoutsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Qammaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chara","family":"Spiliopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotiris","family":"Athanaselis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"World Drug Report","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"World Drug Report","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Global Assessment of Amphetamine\u2010Type Stimulants","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(86)90012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"DrahlC.What you need to know about captagon the drug of choice in war\u2010torn Syria. 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