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The current treatments are unsatisfactory considering that few drugs are available and present some level of toxicity. Many lignans and neolignans have been used for the development of new anti<jats:italic>leishmania<\/jats:italic> drugs. The capability <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> of the neolignan 2,3\u2010dihydrobenzofuran (2,3\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBF<\/jats:styled-content>), a commonly found constituent of propolis and other plants, to inhibit the growth of promastigote and macrophage\u2010internalized amastigote forms of <jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic> was investigated. The cytotoxicity of this compound was assessed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTT<\/jats:styled-content> (3\u2010[4,5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl]\u20102,5\u2010diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BALB<\/jats:styled-content>\/c murine macrophages and human erythrocyte lysis assay. The 2,3\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBF<\/jats:styled-content> was active against promastigote (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>=1.042\u00a0\u03bcM) and amastigote (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>=1.43\u00a0\u03bcM) forms, indicating a potent antileishmanial effect. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity to macrophages or erythrocytes at concentrations ranging from 13 to 0.5\u00a0\u03bcM, after 48\u00a0hr of exposure. The antileishmanial activity is probably mediated by the activation of macrophages, because treatment with 2,3\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBF<\/jats:styled-content> increases both phagocytic and lysosomal activities, as well as the nitrite (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) levels. These results suggest that 2,3\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBF<\/jats:styled-content> may be a potential candidate for the development of a new promising antileishmanial drug. Further studies are needed to determine its potential <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> effect as well as additional mechanisms underlying the antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T14:04:50Z","timestamp":1468245890000},"page":"52-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i> Effects of the Neolignan 2,3\u2010Dihydrobenzofuran Against <i>Leishmania Amazonensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Luciano Gomes","family":"de Castro Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Moreira","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel Mu\u00e1lem","family":"de Moraes Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layane Val\u00e9ria","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enoque Pereira Costa","family":"Sobrinho\u2010J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Ernanda Sousa","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klinger Antonio","family":"da Franca Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Dias Rufino","family":"Arcanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Physiology Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nia Maria","family":"das Gra\u00e7as Lopes Cit\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando A\u00e9cio","family":"de Amorim Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology Federal University of Piau\u00ed Teresina PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"LainsonR ShawJJ.New world leishmaniasis. 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