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In recent years, it has become more evident that the urothelium plays a role as an active source of mediators. The urothelium can release neurotransmitters and modulators such as acetylcholine, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content>, nitric oxide, prostaglandins and neuropeptides. They exert both excitatory and inhibitory effects in modulating urinary tract motility. In addition, several studies have reported the existence of an urothelium\u2010derived unknown inhibitory factor in the urinary bladder. By the use of a new serial cascade superfusion bioassay on guinea pig ureter, recent studies confirm that the guinea pig bladder urothelium releases a substance with inhibitory bioactivity, which was resistant to treatment with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and cyclooxygenase inhibitor and to adenosine A1\/A2 receptor blockade. Lately, a marked and quickly inactivated novel release of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGD<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> from the bladder urothelium was discovered, together with localization of prostaglandin D synthase therein. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGD<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was found to have an inhibitory influence on nerve\u2010induced contractions in guinea pig urinary bladder and on spontaneous contractions in the out\u2010flow region. An altered release of excitatory and inhibitory factors is likely to play an important part in bladder motility disturbances, of which the prostanoids are a notable group. Due to the fact that the bladder is relaxed 99% of the time, not only excitatory mechanisms in the bladder are necessary to study, but also inhibitory mechanisms need considerable attention, which will contribute to the discovery of new targets to treat bladder motility disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T00:38:40Z","timestamp":1491352720000},"page":"220-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Inhibitory Effects of Urothelium\u2010related Factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Na N.","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institute Stockholm 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