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All 89 subjects underwent measurement of fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, body\u2010weight and height. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) (pharmacokinetics genes: cytochrome P450 2D6 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CYP<\/jats:styled-content>2D6<\/jats:italic>) *<jats:italic>4<\/jats:italic> (rs3892097), <jats:italic>*5<\/jats:italic> (gene deletion), <jats:italic>*10<\/jats:italic> (rs1065852) and <jats:italic>*41<\/jats:italic> (rs28371725), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010binding cassette transporter B1 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ABCB<\/jats:styled-content>1) 2677\u00a0G&gt;T\/A<\/jats:italic> (rs2032582) and <jats:italic>3435C&gt;T<\/jats:italic> (rs1045642) and pharmacodynamics genes: dopamine receptor D2 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>2) Tag\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content> (C&gt;T)<\/jats:italic> (rs4436578)<jats:italic>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>2 Tag1A (C&gt;T)<\/jats:italic> (rs1800497)<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> leptin gene (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEP<\/jats:styled-content>) \u20102548G&gt;A<\/jats:italic> (rs7799039)<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> ghrelin gene <jats:italic>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHRL<\/jats:styled-content>) \u2010604G&gt;A<\/jats:italic> (rs27647) and brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDNF<\/jats:styled-content>) 196G&gt;A<\/jats:italic> (rs6265)). Drug levels were analysed by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>). The results revealed that 5 (5.62%) patients presented with hyperglycaemia. Insulin resistance was detected in 15 (16.85%) patients. Insulin resistance was associated with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEP<\/jats:styled-content> 2548\u00a0G&gt;A<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDNF<\/jats:styled-content> 196\u00a0G&gt;A<\/jats:italic> polymorphism (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.051 and <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.03). There was no association of pharmacokinetic gene polymorphisms (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CYP<\/jats:styled-content>2D6<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ABCB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>) and risperidone levels with insulin resistance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDNF<\/jats:styled-content> 196\u00a0G&gt;A<\/jats:italic> polymorphism was significantly associated with insulin resistance (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.025). This finding suggested that <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDNF<\/jats:styled-content> 196\u00a0G&gt;A<\/jats:italic> polymorphism may be a genetic marker for predicting insulin resistance before initiating treatment in patients treated with risperidone. Because of the small sample size, further studies are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T12:41:48Z","timestamp":1516884108000},"page":"42-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Pharmacogenetics of Risperidone\u2010Induced Insulin Resistance in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Chonlaphat","family":"Sukasem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC) Ramathibodi Hospital Bangkok 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