{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:26:56Z","timestamp":1773030416098,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antibiotic dicloxacillin has been shown to induce drug\u2010metabolizing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CYP<\/jats:styled-content> enzymes to a clinically relevant extent. In this study, we investigated whether the use of dicloxacillin confers an increased risk of unwanted pregnancy among oral contraceptive users. The study population comprised Danish women falling pregnant (1997\u20132015) during oral contraceptive use, defined as having filled a prescription for an oral contraceptive within 120 days both before and after the estimated date of conception. Data were analysed using a case\u2010crossover approach. For each woman, we assessed the use of dicloxacillin preceding the date of conception and during 10 previous control periods and estimated the odds ratio for such unintended pregnancies associated with the use of dicloxacillin. Among 364 women using dicloxacillin prior to conception, 40 (11%) were exposed to dicloxacillin at the time of conception, yielding an odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>) associating use of dicloxacillin to unintended pregnancy of 1.18 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.84\u20131.65). Supplementary and sensitivity analyses generally returned similar estimates, except for a slightly increased risk among users of progestogen\u2010only oral contraceptives (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.83, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.63\u20135.34). Analysis of other antibiotics as negative controls yielded results close to unity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>s ranging from 0.83 to 1.13). In conclusion, our study found no evidence for an increased risk of oral contraceptive failure when using dicloxacillin. However, acknowledging study limitations, we suggest the use of supplementary barrier methods during treatment with dicloxacillin, until our findings are confirmed in further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]],"date-time":"2018-03-05T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1520247160000},"page":"288-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Use of Dicloxacillin and Risk of Pregnancy among Users of Oral Contraceptives"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Anton","family":"Potteg\u00e5rd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Broe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tore B.","family":"Stage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Br\u00f8sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Hallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Damkier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13467"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9930-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw213"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199505000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811399956"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3267"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1677-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(76)90007-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/1999\/539376"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(02)00017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471\u20100528.15027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90555-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/psrh.12017"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; 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