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Among other regions, these \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>R<\/jats:styled-content>s are functionally expressed in the ventral tegmental area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content>), the cell body region of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>) system important for motivated behaviours, and in the target region, the nucleus accumbens. Gaboxadol and neurosteroids induce <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA DA<\/jats:styled-content> neuron plasticity <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>, by inhibiting the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA GABA<\/jats:styled-content> neurons, and aversive place conditioning, which are absent in the \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>R<\/jats:styled-content> knockout mice (\u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content>). It is not known whether \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>R<\/jats:styled-content>s are important for the effects of other drugs, such as opioids (that also inhibit <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content> neurons) and stimulants (that primarily elevate monoamine levels). Here, we used \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content> mice and conditioned place preference (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPP<\/jats:styled-content>) test to study the rewarding effects of morphine (20 mg\/kg), methamphetamine (1 mg\/kg) and mephedrone (5 mg\/kg). Morphine\u2010induced nociception was also assessed using tail\u2010flick and hot\u2010plate tests. We found that the \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content> mice failed to express morphine\u2010induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPP<\/jats:styled-content>, but that they were more sensitive to morphine\u2010induced analgesia in the tail\u2010flick test. In contrast, stimulant\u2010induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPP<\/jats:styled-content> in the \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content> mice was similar to that in the wild\u2010type controls. Thus, the conditioned rewarding effect by opioids, but not that of stimulants, was impaired in the absence of \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>R<\/jats:styled-content>s. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential of \u03b4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>R<\/jats:styled-content> antagonists as possible targets for reducing morphine reward and potentiating morphine analgesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T11:39:57Z","timestamp":1526902797000},"page":"558-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Conditioned Reward of Opioids, but not Psychostimulants, is Impaired in GABA\u2010A Receptor \u03b4 Subunit Knockout Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Milo S.","family":"Siivonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"de 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