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In the vasculature, activation of AMPK is associated with several beneficial biological effects including enhancement of vasodilatation, reduction of oxidative stress and inhibition of inflammatory reactions. The vascular protective effects of certain anti\u2010diabetic (metformin and sitagliptin) or lipid\u2010lowering (simvastatin and fenofibrate) therapeutic agents, of active components of Chinese medicinal herbs (resveratrol and berberine) and of pharmacological agents (AICAR, A769662 and PT1) have been attributed to the activation of AMPK (in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and\/or perivascular adipocytes), independently of changes in the metabolic profile (eg glucose tolerance and\/or plasma lipoprotein levels), leading to improved endothelium\u2010derived nitric oxide\u2010mediated vasodilatation and attenuated endothelium\u2010derived cyclooxygenase\u2010dependent vasoconstriction. By contrast, endothelial AMPK activation with pharmacological agents or by genetic modification is associated with reduced endothelium\u2010dependent relaxations in small blood vessels and elevated systolic blood pressure. Indeed, AMPK activators inhibit endothelium\u2010dependent hyperpolarization (EDH)\u2010type relaxations in superior mesenteric arteries, partly by inhibiting endothelial calcium\u2010activated potassium channel signalling. Therefore, AMPK activation is not necessarily beneficial in terms of endothelial function. The contribution of endothelial AMPK in the regulation of vascular tone, in particular in the microvasculature where EDH plays a more important role, remains to be characterized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T13:35:43Z","timestamp":1572528943000},"page":"81-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vascular adenosine monophosphate\u2010activated protein kinase: Enhancer, brake or both?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Michel","family":"Vanhoutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 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